StoewerGKBLDS2012 3 S Stoewer J Goense GA Keliris A Bartels NK Logothetis J Duncan N Sigala 2012-01-00 1 7 1 13 PLoS One fMRI experiments with awake non-human primates (NHP) have seen a surge of applications in recent years. However, the standard fMRI analysis tools designed for human experiments are not optimal for analysis of NHP fMRI data collected at high fields. There are several reasons for this, including the trial-based nature of NHP experiments, with inter-trial periods being of no interest, and segmentation artefacts and distortions that may result from field changes due to movement. We demonstrate an approach that allows us to address some of these issues consisting of the following steps: 1) Trial-based experimental design. 2) Careful control of subject movement. 3) Computer-assisted selection of trials devoid of artefacts and animal motion. 4) Nonrigid between-trial and rigid within-trial realignment of concatenated data from temporally separated trials and sessions. 5) Linear interpolation of inter-trial intervals and high-pass filtering of temporally continuous data 6) Removal of interpolated data and reconcatenation of datasets before statistical analysis with SPM. We have implemented a software toolbox, fMRI Sandbox (http://code.google.com/p/fmri-sandbox/), for semi-automated application of these processing steps that interfaces with SPM software. Here, we demonstrate that our methodology provides significant improvements for the analysis of awake monkey fMRI data acquired at high-field. The method may also be useful for clinical applications with subjects that are unwilling or unable to remain motionless for the whole duration of a functional scan. no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 12 15017 15421 StoewerGKBLDS2011_2 3 S Stoewer J Goense GA Keliris A Bartels NK Logothetis J Duncan N Sigala 2011-12-00 10 29 1390 1400 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments with awake nonhuman primates (NHPs) have recently seen a surge of applications. However, the standard fMRI analysis tools designed for human experiments are not optimal for NHP data collected at high fields. One major difference is the experimental setup. Although real head movement is impossible for NHPs, MRI image series often contain visible motion artifacts. Animal body movement results in image position changes and geometric distortions. Since conventional realignment methods are not appropriate to address such differences, algorithms tailored specifically for animal scanning become essential. We have implemented a series of high-field NHP specific methods in a software toolbox, fMRI Sandbox (http://kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/~stoewer/), which allows us to use different realignment strategies. Here we demonstrate the effect of different realignment strategies on the analysis of awake-monkey fMRI data acquired at high field (7 T). We show that the advantage of using a nonstandard realignment algorithm depends on the amount of distortion in the dataset. While the benefits for less distorted datasets are minor, the improvement of statistical maps for heavily distorted datasets is significant. no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 10 15017 15421 6179 3 S Stoewer S-P Ku J Goense T Steudel NK Logothetis J Duncan N Sigala 2010-10-00 8 28 1120 1128 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Previous imaging work has identified a frontoparietal network in the human brain involved in many cognitive functions, as well as in simple updates of attended information. We examined the activation of frontoparietal areas during visual stimulation in the awake, fixating monkey, in order to determine if a similar network is present in the monkey brain and direct future electrophysiological recordings. We measured activity with BOLD fMRI in three animals and analysed the data individually for each animal, and at group level. We found reliable activations in lateral prefrontal and parietal areas, even though task-related decision making was minimal, as a response to simple update of visual information. These activations were significant for each individual animal, as well as at group level. Similar to human imaging results the update of visual input was enough to activate the frontoparietal cortex in the macaque brain, a network which is normally associated with complex cognitive control processes. no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 8 15017 15421 6209 3 FG Pajonk S Stoewer M Kinn B Fleiter 2006-05-00 4 9 393 402 Notfall und Rettungsmedizin Psychiatrische Störungen sind eine häufige Einsatzursache für den Notarzt und in der Notaufnahme. Für psychiatrische Notfälle außerhalb psychiatrischer Kliniken, insbesondere für die medikamentöse Krisenintervention, existieren aber bislang keine Therapiestandards oder evidenzbasierten Therapieleitlinien. In einer Literaturrecherche über den Zeitraum von 1971–2005 fanden sich zu dieser Fragestellung 34 Doppelblindstudien, welche die Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit unterschiedlicher Antipsychotika und Benzodiazepine untersuchten. Nach zusätzlicher Auswertung pharmakologischer Daten und der Fachinformationen werden im vorliegenden Beitrag differenzialtherapeutische Überlegungen für die notfallmedizinische Versorgung erläutert und Dosierungsempfehlungen gegeben. Für den Einsatz im Notarztdienst erscheinen v. a. Haloperidol, Lorazepam und Diazepam geeignet. Eine antipsychotische Medikation ist besonders bei Schizophrenien, Manien, drogeninduzierten Psychosen und Delirien, eine Medikation mit Benzodiazepinen v. a. bei primär psychogenen oder reaktiven Angst-, Unruhe- oder Erregungszuständen indiziert. Bei einigen Störungsbildern ist eine kombinierte Therapie von Antipsychotika und Benzodiazepinen wahrscheinlich besser und schneller wirksam. no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 9 6178 7 S Stoewer S-PP Ku J Goense NK Logothetis J Duncan N Sigala Chicago, IL, USA2009-10-00 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (Neuroscience 2009) In the primate brain a frontoparietal network is involved in many aspects of cognitive control, e.g. during shifts of attention and switches of abstract rules. However, the frontoparietal network in the human brain is also active during simple update of attended information, when task-related decision making is minimal (1) or during the execution of voluntary eye movements (2). The goal of the present study was to identify the network of areas activated by a short series of visual stimuli (meaningless fractal images) while the animals were awake and maintained fixation, in order to compare with the activations elicited in the human brain and to inform and direct future single unit recordings. We obtained activation maps at 7T using BOLD fMRI in three alert macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Functional images were realigned and co-registered with the high-resolution MRI images used in the Saleem and Logothetis atlas (3) to facilitate the identification of the anatomical structures. Areas that were reliably activated in all three animals included areas 8 and F5 around the arcuate sulcus (AS), and the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), along with early and higher areas of the visual system. As in the human, extensive frontoparietal activity was seen despite maintained fixation, and without active behavioural decisions. Additionally, we present preliminary psychophysical and BOLD fMRI results from a second study. In this experiment, we trained one animal to perform a colour discrimination task by making a saccade to the left (for green) or right (for red) of the screen, and then introduced conditions of increased task difficulty. no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 0 15017 15421 6177 7 S Stoewer J Duncan A Bartels GA Keliris NK Logothetis N Sigala Cambridge, UK2009-03-00 21st Cambridge Neuroscience Seminar: New Approaches in Neuroscience (CNS 2009) no notspecified http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/ published 0 15017 15421 6208 15 S Stoewer 2005-05-03 no notspecified published 15017 15421 StoewerSD2011 10 S Stoewer N Sigala J Duncan