This file was created by the Typo3 extension sevenpack version 0.7.14 --- Timezone: CEST Creation date: 2013-05-20 Creation time: 08-52-29 --- Number of references 55 article BarnettCowanMVTB2011 Journal of Visualized Experiments 2012 5 63 5 1-6 Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. Humans can do path integration based exclusively on visual 2-3, auditory 4, or inertial cues 5. However, with multiple cues present, inertial cues - particularly kinaesthetic - seem to dominate 6-7. In the absence of vision, humans tend to overestimate short distances (<5 m) and turning angles (<30°), but underestimate longer ones 5. Movement through physical space therefore does not seem to be accurately represented by the brain. Extensive work has been done on evaluating path integration in the horizontal plane, but little is known about vertical movement (see 3 for virtual movement from vision alone). One reason for this is that traditional motion simulators have a small range of motion restricted mainly to the horizontal plane. Here we take advantage of a motion simulator 8-9 with a large range of motion to assess whether path integration is similar between horizontal and vertical planes. The relative contributions of inertial and visual cues for path navigation were also assessed. 16 observers sat upright in a seat mounted to the flange of a modified KUKA anthropomorphic robot arm. Sensory information was manipulated by providing visual (optic flow, limited lifetime star field), vestibular-kinaesthetic (passive self motion with eyes closed), or visual and vestibular-kinaesthetic motion cues. Movement trajectories in the horizontal, sagittal and frontal planes consisted of two segment lengths (1st: 0.4 m, 2nd: 1 m; ±0.24 m/s2 peak acceleration). The angle of the two segments was either 45° or 90°. Observers pointed back to their origin by moving an arrow that was superimposed on an avatar presented on the screen. Observers were more likely to underestimate angle size for movement in the horizontal plane compared to the vertical planes. In the frontal plane observers were more likely to overestimate angle size while there was no such bias in the sagittal plane. Finally, observers responded slower when answering based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone. Human path integration based on vestibular-kinaesthetic information alone thus takes longer than when visual information is present. That pointing is consistent with underestimating and overestimating the angle one has moved through in the horizontal and vertical planes respectively, suggests that the neural representation of self-motion through space is non-symmetrical which may relate to the fact that humans experience movement mostly within the horizontal plane. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.jove.com/pdf/default.aspx?PDF=&ID=3436 10.3791/3436 e3436 mbcMBarnett-Cowan meilingerTMeilinger vidalMVidal teufelHTeufel hhbHHBülthoff article FrankensteinMBM2011 Psychological Science 2012 2 23 2 120-125 We examined how a highly familiar environmental space—one’s city of residence—is represented in memory. Twenty-six participants faced a photo-realistic virtual model of their hometown and completed a task in which they pointed to familiar target locations from various orientations. Each participant’s performance was most accurate when he or she was facing north, and errors increased as participants’ deviation from a north-facing orientation increased. Pointing errors and latencies were not related to the distance between participants’ initial locations and the target locations. Our results are inconsistent with accounts of orientation-free memory and with theories assuming that the storage of spatial knowledge depends on local reference frames. Although participants recognized familiar local views in their initial locations, their strategy for pointing relied on a single, north-oriented reference frame that was likely acquired from maps rather than experience from daily exploration. Even though participants had spent significantly more time navigating the city than looking at maps, their pointing behavior seemed to rely on a north-oriented mental map. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://pss.sagepub.com/content/23/2/120.full.pdf+html 10.1177/0956797611429467 frankensteinJFrankenstein mohlerBJMohler hhbHHBülthoff meilingerTMeilinger article 4958 Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2012 1 39 1 48-62 This paper addresses the interactions between human wayfinding performance, the mental representation of routes, and the geometrical layout of path intersections. The conclusions of this paper are based on the results of a virtual reality empirical experiment. The study consisted of a route-learning and reproduction task and two choice reaction tasks measuring the acquired knowledge of route decision points. In order to relate the recorded behaviour to the geometry of the environment, a specific adaptation of an isovist-based spatial analysis that accounts for directional bias in human spatial perception and representation was developed. The analyses applied provided conclusive evidence of correspondences between the geometrical properties of environments as captured by isovists and their mental representations. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.envplan.com/epb/fulltext/b39/b34048t.pdf Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1068/b34048t meilingerTMeilinger gfGFranz hhbHHBülthoff article 5643 Memory & Cognition 2011 8 39 6 1042-1054 The integration of spatial information perceived from different viewpoints is a frequent, yet largely unexplored, cognitive ability. In two experiments, participants saw two presentations, each consisting of three targets—that is, illuminated tiles on the floor—before walking the shortest possible path across all targets. In Experiment 1, participants viewed the targets either from the same viewpoint or from different viewpoints. Errors in recalling targets increased if participants changed their viewpoints between presentations, suggesting that memory acquired from different viewpoints had to be aligned for integration. Furthermore, the error pattern indicates that memory for the first presentation was transformed into the reference frame of the second presentation. In Experiment 2, we examined whether this transformation occurred because new information was integrated already during encoding or because memorized information was integrated when required. Results suggest that the latter is the case. This might serve as a strategy for avoiding additional alignments. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.springerlink.com/content/147416m6637051k2/fulltext.pdf Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.3758/s13421-011-0088-x meilingerTMeilinger malteJMWiener ABerthoz article 6429 NeuroReport 2010 7 21 10 685-689 We present two cases (A.C. and W.J.) with navigation problems resulting from parieto-occipital right hemisphere damage. For both the cases, performance on the neuropsychological tests did not indicate specific impairments in spatial processing, despite severe subjective complaints of spatial disorientation. Various aspects of navigation were tested in a new virtual reality task, the Virtual Tübingen task. A double dissociation between spatial and temporal deficits was found; A.C. was impaired in route ordering, a temporal test, whereas W.J. was impaired in scene recognition and route continuation, which are spatial in nature. These findings offer important insights in the functional and neural architecture of navigation. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-3.2.3a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=PPLCFPGNELDDPDDMNCDLPCOBBDLMAA00&WebLinkReturn=Full+Text%3dL%7cS.sh.15.17%7c0%7c00001756-201007140-00004&PDFLink=FPDDNCOBPCDMEL00%7c%2ffs047%2fovft%2flive%2fgv024%2f00001756%2f00001756-201007140-00004&PDF Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32833aea78 IJMvan der Ham MJEvan Zandvoort meilingerTMeilinger SEBosch NKant APostma article 4961 Journal of Environmental Psychology 2009 6 29 2 208-219 This study investigates the adaptivity of wayfinding strategies in a real-world setting of a multi-building ensemble. Familiarity with the environment, map usage and verbal vs. visual task instructions were systematically varied. Measures included path choices, wayfinding performance and information usage. Thirty-two participants had to find eight goals in a multi-level building ensemble consisting of two distinctive building parts. It was tested whether the standard wall-mounted floor maps found in the majority of public buildings can help navigation in a complex unknown environment. Unfamiliar users tried to make use of these plans more frequently, but were not able to compensate for spatial knowledge deficits compared to participants familiar with the setting. Two strategies of multi-level wayfinding were compared with respect to a region-based hierarchical planning approach. Strategy selection could be shown to be highly adaptive to spatial properties of the environment as well as characteristics of the task instruction, i.e., spatial precision of target information. Overall, the strategy of moving horizontally into the target building prior to vertical travel was shown to be more effective in this multi-building setting. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;amp;_imagekey=B6WJ8-4SRKMMV-1-1&amp;amp;_cdi=6872&amp;amp;_user=29041&amp;amp;_orig=search&amp;amp;_coverDate=06%2F13%2F2008&amp;amp;_sk=999999999&amp;amp;view=c&amp;amp;wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzV&amp;amp;md5=a570 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.05.010 CHölscher SJBüchner meilingerTMeilinger GStrube article 3857 Journal of Spatial Science 2008 12 53 2 13-23 When planning a route we usually study a map, ask other people for verbal directions, or use a route planner. Which source of information is most helpful? This experiment investigated human wayfinding and knowledge acquisition in urban environments. Participants were required to retrace two different routes learned either from route maps, or from verbal directions. This research shows that both maps and verbal directions are equally useful tools for conveying wayfinding knowledge. Even the survey knowledge of map-learners was not better. The authors argue that both verbal directions and maps are memorized in a language-based format, which is mainly used for wayfinding. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/Meilinger_3857[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14498596.2008.9635147 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1080/14498596.2008.9635147 meilingerTMeilinger knauffMKnauff article 4957 Cognitive Science 2008 6 32 4 755-770 This study examines the working memory systems involved in human wayfinding. In the learning phase 24 participants learned two routes in a novel photorealistic virtual environment displayed on a 220° screen, while they were disrupted by a visual, a spatial, a verbal or - in a control group - no secondary task. In the following wayfinding phase the participants had to find and to "virtually walk" the two routes again. During this wayfinding phase a number of dependent measures were recorded. We show that encoding wayfinding knowledge interfered with the verbal and with the spatial secondary task. These interferences were even stronger than the interference of wayfinding knowledge with the visual secondary task. These findings are consistent with a dual coding approach of wayfinding knowledge. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface~content=a793518292~fulltext=713240930 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1080/03640210802067004 meilingerTMeilinger knauffMKnauff hhbHHBülthoff article 3858 Journal of Environmental Psychology 2006 12 26 4 284-299 The intention of this article is to create a link between human spatial cognition research and architectural design. We conducted an empirical study with human subjects in a complex multi-level building and compared thinking aloud protocols and performance measures of experienced and inexperienced participants in different wayfinding tasks. Three specific strategies for navigation in multi-level buildings were compared. The central point strategy relies on well-known parts of the building; the direction strategy relies on routes that first head towards the horizontal position of the goal, while the floor strategy relies on routes that first head towards the vertical position of the goal. We show that the floor strategy was preferred by experienced participants over the other strategies and was overall tied to better wayfinding performance. Route knowledge showed a greater impact on wayfinding performance compared to survey knowledge. A cognitive-architectural analysis of the building revealed seven possible c auses for navigation problems. Especially the previous termstaircasenext term design was identified as a major wayfinding obstacle. Finally we address the benefits of cognitive approaches for the architectural design process and describe some open issues for further research. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&amp;amp;_imagekey=B6WJ8-4MWPVCF-1-1&amp;amp;_cdi=6872&amp;amp;_user=29041&amp;amp;_orig=search&amp;amp;_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2006&amp;amp;_sk=999739995&amp;amp;view=c&amp;amp;wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkWA&amp;amp;md5=4f07 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.09.002 CHölscher meilingerTMeilinger GVrachliotis MBrösamle knauffMKnauff article 2467 Accident Analysis and Prevention 2002 9 34 5 649-654 The risk of a collision with another vehicle due to the presence of passengers is analysed in detail in a large sample of accidents from Mittelfranken, Germany, from the years 1984 to 1997. Using a responsibility analysis, the overall effect of the presence of passengers and the influence of modifying variables is examined. While a general protective effect of the presence of passengers is found, this is reduced in young drivers, during darkness, in slow traffic and at crossroads, especially when disregarding the right of way and passing a car. These findings are interpreted as a general positive effect of the presence of passengers who influence the driver&lsquo;s behaviour towards more cautious and thus safer driving behaviour. However, passengers may also distract drivers’ attention in an amount which cannot be compensated for in all situations and by all drivers by cautious driving. Besides educational measure, a potential solution to this problem may be driver assistance systems which give an adapted kind of support when passengers are present. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V5S-46D2DY2-9-1&_cdi=5794&_user=29041&_pii=S0001457501000641&_orig=browse&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2002&_sk=999659994&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkzk&md5=4b11e84d25d07ca4970d39ee3f1eb1bc&ie=/sdarticle.pdf 5 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft en 10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00064-1 MVollrath meilingerTMeilinger H-PKrüger inproceedings HensonMBM2011 2011 7 2764-2769 The present study examined whether spatial information of a novel environment was integrated within a reference frame during initial learning, or only later when required for pointing to other targets. Twenty-two participants repeatedly walked through a multi-corridor virtual environment, presented via a head-mounted display. At several stages within the learning process they were teleported to locations along the route and asked to self-localize and point to other locations. Pointing was faster during later tests as well as for closer targets, both of which might require less integration. Participants tested only after extended exposure (late pointers) took longer than participants who had received testing interspersed throughout the same amount of exposure (early pointers). Pointing latency did not differ between groups when comparing performance on their first pointing test, despite vastly different exposure. These results are inconsistent with the assumption that participants already integrated spatial information within a single reference frame during learning and simply accessed this information during testing. Rather, spatial integration is a time consuming process which is not necessarily undertaken if not required. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.defileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/2011/CogSci-2011-Henson.pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/Proceedings/2011/index.html Carlson, L. , C. Hoelscher, T.F. Shipley Cognitive Science Society

Austin, TX, USA

Expanding the Space of Cognitive Science Boston, MA, USA 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2011) ahensonAHenson hamHAMallot hhbHHBülthoff meilingerTMeilinger inproceedings 6428 Spatial Cognition VII: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2010 2010 8 207-221 In the last decade many studies examined egocentric and allocentric spatial relations. For various tasks, navigators profit from both kinds of relations. However, their interrelation seems to be underspecified. We present four elementary representations of allocentric and egocentric relations (sensorimotor contingencies, egocentric coordinate systems, allocentric coordinate systems, and perspective-free representations) and discuss them with respect to their encoding and retrieval. Elementary representations are problematic for capturing large spaces and situations which encompass both allocentric and egocentric relations at the same time. Complex spatial representations provide a solution to this problem. They combine elementary coordinate representations either by pair-wise connections or by hierarchical embedding. We discuss complex spatial representations with respect to computational requirements and their plausibility regarding behavioral and neural findings. This work is meant to clarify concepts of egocentric and allocentric, to show their limitations, benefits and empirical plausibility and to point out new directions for future research. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.spatial-cognition-2010.com/index.html Hölscher, C. , T. F. Shipley, M. Olivetti Belardinelli, J. A. Bateman, N. S. Newcombe Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition VII Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Portland, OR, USA International Conference Spatial Cognition (SC 2010) en 978-3-642-14749-4 10.1007/978-3-642-14749-4_19 meilingerTMeilinger vosgerauGVosgerau inproceedings 6426 Cognition in Flux: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2010 8 2500-2505 This study examines how spatial memory acquired from navigation is used to perform a survey task involving pointing. Participants learned a route through a virtual city by walking it multiple times in one direction on an omnidirectional treadmill. After learning, they were teleported to several locations along the route, self-localized and pointed to multiple other locations along the route. Pointing was done away from or towards the current location. Preliminary data show that participants were faster in pointing away. This suggests that pointing was based on an incremental process rather than an all-at-once process which is consistent with mentally walking through a cognitive map or constructing a mental model of currently non-visible areas of the city. On average participants pointed faster to targets located further down the route towards the end than to targets located route upwards towards the start. Analysis of individual performance showed that more participants than expected by chance showed such an effect of target direction also in their pointing accuracy. The direction of this effect differed between participants. These direction biases suggest that at least some participants encoded the environmental space by multiple interconnected locations and used this representation also for pointing. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/COGSCI2010-Meilinger_6426[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/conference2010/index.html Ohlsson, S. , R. Catrambone Cognitive Science Society

Austin, TX, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Portland, OR, USA 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2010) en meilingerTMeilinger hhbHHBülthoff inproceedings 5709 Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009) 2009 8 2650-2655 In this experiment we examined orientation dependency in human memory for a highly familiar environmental space. Twenty-seven inhabitants living for at least two years in Tübingen saw a photorealistic virtual model of the city center (Virtual Tübingen) through a head-mounted display. They were teleported to five different initial locations in Virtual Tübingen and asked to point towards well-known target locations. This procedure was repeated in twelve different body-orientations for each of the initial locations. Participants pointed more accurately when oriented northwards regardless of the initial location. We also found a small effect of local orientation. The more participants were aligned with the street leading to the target location the better was their pointing performance. Even though the strong alignment effect with a global orientation is predicted by reference direction theory, this theory does not predict that this global orientation is, first, common for almost all participants, and second, t hat this orientation is north. We discuss our results with respect to well-known theories of spatial memory and speculate that the bias we find for north orientation is due to participants relying on memory of a city map of Tübingen for their pointing response. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/CogSci2009-Frankenstein_5709[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2009/index.html Taatgen, N. , H. Van Rijn Curran

Red Hook, NY, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Amsterdam, Netherlands 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009) en 978-0-9768318-5-3 frankensteinJFrankenstein meilingerTMeilinger mohlerBJMohler hhbHHBülthoff inproceedings 5181 Spatial Cognition VI. Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space 2008 9 344-360 The network of reference frames theory explains the orientation behavior of human and non-human animals in directly experienced environmental spaces, such as buildings or towns. This includes self-localization, route and survey navigation. It is a synthesis of graph representations and cognitive maps, and solves the problems associated with explaining orientation behavior based either on graphs, maps or both of them in parallel. Additionally, the theory points out the unique role of vista spaces and asymmetries in spatial memory. New predictions are derived from the theory, one of which has been tested recently. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/network_of_reference_frames_theory_%20prefinal_draft_5181[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://conference.spatial-cognition.de/sc08/ Freksa, C. , N. S. Newcombe, P. Gärdenfors, S. Wölfl Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition VI: Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Freiburg, Germany International Conference Spatial Cognition 2008 en 978-3-540-87601-4 10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_25 meilingerTMeilinger inproceedings 5517 Spatial Cognition VI: Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space 2008 9 1-3 The interdisciplinary research field of spatial cognition has benefited greatly from the use of advanced Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. Such tools have provided the ability to explicitly control specific experimental conditions, manipulate variables not possible in the real world, and provide a convincing, multimodal experience. Here we will first describe several of the VR facilities at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Biological Cybernetics that have been developed to optimize scientific investigations related to multi-modal self-motion perception and spatial cognition. Subsequently, we will present some recent empirical work contributing to these research areas. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/Bulthoff%20et%20al%20Spatial%20Cognition%202008_[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://conference.spatial-cognition.de/sc08/ Freksa, C. , N. S. Newcombe, P. Gärdenfors, S. Wölfl Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition VI: Learning, Reasoning, and Talking about Space Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Freiburg, Germany International Conference Spatial Cognition 2008 en 978-3-540-87601-4 10.1007/978-3-540-87601-4_1 hhbHHBülthoff camposjlJLCampos meilingerTMeilinger inproceedings 5099 Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci2008) 2008 7 2031-2036 The integration of spatial information across different perspectives or viewpoints is a frequent spatial task, yet relatively little is known about it. In the present study, participants were shown three target locations from one point of view. After walking away, they either returned to the same location or to a novel location before being presented with three additional target locations. Their task was to plan and navigate the shortest possible path to visit all six target locations. To successfully solve the task, participants had to integrate different pieces of spatial information acquired from two viewpoints. We measured errors and the time to reach the first target. An increased number of errors in the condition including a perspective shift strongly suggest that participants encoded different views which had to be aligned in order to be integrated. The fact that the increase in errors primarily originated from the target locations presented first, indicates that the first view was transformed into the perspective of the second view. Neither egocentric updating, allocentric orientation-independent memory, nor allocentric reference axis theory can explain these results. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/integration%20of%20spatial%20information%20across%20different%20perspectives_5099[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.ccc.utexas.edu/cogsci08/ Curran

Red Hook, NY, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Cognitive Science Society Washigton, DC, USA 30th Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2008) en 978-1-605-60542-5 malteJMWiener meilingerTMeilinger ABerthoz inproceedings 4120 Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2006 2007 11 381-400 The paper is concerned with the empirical investigation of different types of schematised maps. In two experiments a standard floor plan was compared to three strongly schematised maps providing only route knowledge. With the help of one of the maps, the participants had to localise themselves in two tasks and performed two wayfinding tasks in a multi-level building they didn’t know before. We recorded map usage time and a range of task performance measures. Although the map provided much less information, participants performed better in wayfinding with an unambiguous schematic map than with a floor plan. In the self localisation tasks, participants performed equally well with the detailed floor plan and with the schematised map versions. Like the users of a schematic map, users of a floor map presumably oriented on the network structure rather than on local geometric features. This allows them to limit the otherwise potentially very large search space in map-based self localisation. In both types of tasks participants looked at the schematised maps for a shorter time. Providing less than standard information like in a highly schematised map can lead to better performance. We conclude that providing unambiguous turning information (route knowledge) rather than survey knowledge is most crucial for wayfinding in unknown environments. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://conference.spatial-cognition.de/sc06/ Barkowsky, T. , M. Knauff, G. Ligozat, D. R. Montello Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition V: Reasoning, Action, Interaction Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Bremen, Germany International Conference on Spatial Cognition 2006 en 978-3-540-75666-8 10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_22 meilingerTMeilinger CHölscher SJBüchner MBrösamle inproceedings 4121 Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction: International Conference Spatial Cognition 2006 2007 11 365-380 This experiment investigated the role of familiarity, map usage and instruction on wayfinding strategies and performance. 32 participants had to find eight goals in a multilevel building ensemble consisting of two distinctive vertical segments. Generally users who were familiar with the building ensemble outperformed first-time visitors of the setting. We tested if the standard wall-mounted floor maps found in the majority of public buildings can help navigation in a complex unknown environment. Unfamiliar users tried to make use of these plans more frequently, but were not able to compensate for spatial knowledge deficits through them. Two strategies of across-level wayfinding are compared with respect to a region-based hierarchical planning approach. Strategy selection relied largely on task and instruction characteristics. Overall, the strategy of moving horizontally into the target section of the building prior to vertical travel was shown to be more effective in this multi-building setting. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://conference.spatial-cognition.de/sc06/ Barkowsky, T. , M. Knauff, G. Ligozat, D. R. Montello Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition V: Reasoning, Action, Interaction Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Bremen, Germany International Conference on Spatial Cognition 2006 en 978-3-540-75666-8 10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_21 CHölscher SJBüchner meilingerTMeilinger GStrube inproceedings 4119 Proceedings of Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition Workshop (Spatial Cognition &lsquo;06) 2007 9 65-80 This study addresses the interrelations between human wayfinding performance, the mental representation of routes, and the geometrical layout of path intersections. The virtual reality based empirical experiment consisted of a route learning and reproduction task and two choice reaction tasks measuring the acquired knowledge of route decision points. In order to relate the recorded behavioural data to the geometry of the environment, a specific adaptation of isovist-based spatial analysis was developed that accounts for directional bias in human spatial perception and representation. Taken together, the applied analyses provided conclusive evidence for correspondences between geometrical properties of environments as captured by isovists and their mental representation. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/isovt_[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.space.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/events/sc06/ Hölscher, C. , R.C. Dalton, A. Turner Universität Bremen

Bremen, Germany

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Bremen, Germany Space Syntax and Spatial Cognition Workshop (Spatial Cognition '06) en 978-3-88722-691-7 meilingerTMeilinger gfGFranz hhbHHBülthoff inproceedings 4439 Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2007) 2007 8 479-484 This study examined orientation specificity in long-term human memory for environmental spaces. Twenty participants learned an immersive virtual environment by walking a multi-segment route in one direction. The environment consisted of seven corridors within which target objects were located. In the testing phase, participants were teleported to different locations in the environment and were asked to identify their location and heading and then point towards previously learned targets. As predicted by viewdependent theory, participants pointed more accurately when oriented in the direction in which they originally learned each corridor. No support was found for a global reference direction underlying the memory of the whole layout or for an exclusive orientation-independent memory. We propose a "network of reference frames" theory to integrate elements of the different theoretical positions. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/orientation%20specificity%20in%20environmental%20spaces%20final_4439[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2007/ Curran

Red Hook, NY, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Nashville, TN, USA 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2007) en 978-1-605-60507-4 meilingerTMeilinger bernieBERiecke hhbHHBülthoff inproceedings 4777 Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2007) 2007 8 377-382 Wayfinding in public buildings often proves to be a challenge especially for first time visitors. The experiment investigates the relative effectiveness and efficiency of external aids for navigation in a complex multi-level, multi-building ensemble. A previous experiment provided the performance baseline for the re-design and prototype evaluation of the information system. Navigation aids were tested in three conditions: maps, signs, and the combination of both. With respect of usage a preference for signs over maps was identified. Also, signage had the largest impact on wayfinding performance, while maps alone showed the smallest level of support and the combination provided yet further improvement. Analysis of individual tasks identifies limitations of each type of external aid. A comparative task analyses reveals higher cognitive costs of maps relative to signs. The results are discussed in a framework of cognitive economics and agent nationality, explaining both usage preference & performance differences. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/CogSci2007-377_4777[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/csjarchive/proceedings/2007/ Curran

Red Hook, NY, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Nashville, TN, USA 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2007) en 978-1-605-60507-4 CHölscher SJBüchner MBrösamle meilingerTMeilinger GStrube inproceedings 3855 Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2006) 2006 7 585-590 This study examines the working memory systems involved in human wayfinding. In the learning phase 24 participants learned two routes in a novel photorealistic virtual environment displayed on a 220° screen, while they were disrupted by a visual, a spatial, a verbal or - in a control group - no secondary task. In the following wayfinding phase the participants had to find and to "virtually walk" the two routes again. During this wayfinding phase a number of dependent measures were recorded. We show that encoding wayfinding knowledge interfered with the verbal and with the spatial secondary task. These interferences were even stronger than the interference of wayfinding knowledge with the visual secondary task. These findings are consistent with a dual coding approach of wayfinding knowledge. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/working_memory_in_wayfinding_3855[1].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.cogsci.rpi.edu/~rsun/cogsci2006/ Sun, R. Curran

Red Hook, NY, USA

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Vancouver, BC, Canada 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2006) en 978-1-605-60500-5 meilingerTMeilinger knauffMKnauff hhbHHBülthoff inproceedings 3636 Zustandserkennung und Systemgestaltung. 2005 9 35-40 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Urbas, C. , C. Steffens VDI-Verlag

Düsseldorf

Zustandserkennung und Systemgestaltung. 6. Berliner Werkstatt Mensch-Maschine-Systeme Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Zustandserkennung und Systemgestaltung. de ITotzke meilingerTMeilinger H-PKrüger inproceedings 3362 Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society 2005 7 1473-1478 This experiment investigated the role of the source of information as well as the route complexity for wayfinding performance and wayfinding knowledge acquired. Participants had to find a complex and a simple route in an unknown city with figural instructions (map) and verbal instructions (directions). The participants reported transforming the map into verbal directions; therefore no general difference between the instructions was found. On oblique intersections which were difficult to code verbally participants recalling the map tended to perform better but built up worse route knowledge. Figural information from the map was only used for wayfinding or pointing if these tasks could not be solved otherwise. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.defileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/CogSci-2005-Meilinger.pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Bara, B.G. Cognitive Science Society Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Stresa, Italy XXVII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2005) 0-8058-5991-8 meilingerTMeilinger inproceedings 3215 5th International Space Syntax Symposium 2005 6 823-829 This short paper is concerned with strategies and cognitive processes of wayfinding in public buildings. We conducted an empirical study in a complex multi-level building, comparing performance measures of experienced and inexperienced participants in different wayfinding tasks. Thinking aloud protocols provided insights into navigation strategies, planning phases, use of landmarks and signage. Three specific strategies for navigation in multi-level buildings were compared. The cognitively efficient floor strategy was preferred by experts over a central-point strategy or a direction strategy, and overall was associated to better wayfinding performance. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.defileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/Space-Syntax-5-Hoelscher.pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.spacesyntax.tudelft.nl/posters.html Van Nes, A. Techne Press

Delft, Netherlands

Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Delft, Netherlands 5th International Space Syntax Symposium 90-8594-002-8 CHölscher meilingerTMeilinger GVrachliotis knauffMKnauff inproceedings 2948 Spatial Cognition IV - Reasoning, Action, Interaction. International Conference Spatial Cognition 2004, Frauenchiemsee, Germany 2005 2 1-23 The paper is concerned with human wayfinding in public buildings. Two main aspects of wayfinding difficulties are considered: architectural features of the building and cognitive processes of the agent. We conducted an empirical study in a complex multi-level building, comparing performance measures of experienced and inexperienced participants in different wayfinding tasks. Thinking aloud protocols provide insights into navigation strategies, planning phases, use of landmarks and signage, and measures of survey knowledge. Specific strategies for navigation in multi-level buildings, like the floor strategy, are identified and evaluated. An architectural analysis of the building is provided and possible causes for navigation problems are discussed. Different architectural features of the building are investigated with respect to human spatial cognition and usability issues. Finally we address potential benefits for the architectural design process and discuss options for further research. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.springerlink.com/content/bq290y8dvjeaa05g/fulltext.pdf Freksa, C. , M. Knauff, B. Krieg-Brückner, B. Nebel, T. Barkowsky Springer

Berlin, Germany

Spatial Cognition IV: Reasoning, Action, Interaction Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Frauenchiemsee, Germany International Conference Spatial Cognition 2004 (SC '04) 978-3-540-32255-9 10.1007/978-3-540-32255-9_1 CHoelscher meilingerTMeilinger GVrachliotis MBroesamle knauffMKnauff inproceedings 2458 Der Fahrer im 21. Jahrhundert, VDI-Berichte 1768 (S.171-195) 2003 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Verein Deutscher Ingenieure Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Der Fahrer im 21. Jahrhundert, VDI-Berichte 1768 (S.171-195) ITotzke meilingerTMeilinger H-PKrüger techreport 4490 2007 3 158 We present a summary of the development of a new virtual reality setup for behavioural experiments in the area of spatial cognition. Most previous virtual reality setups can either not provide accurate body motion cues when participants are moving in a virtual environment, or participants are hindered by cables while walking in virtual environments with a head-mounted display (HMD). Our new setup solves these issues by providing a large, fully trackable walking space, in which a participant with a HMD can walk freely, without being tethered by cables. Two experiments on spatial memory are described, which tested this setup. The results suggest that environmental spaces traversed during wayfinding are memorised in a view-dependent way, i.e., in the local orientation they were experienced, and not with respect to a global reference direction. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/mpik-tr-158_[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Max-Planck-Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany en meilingerTMeilinger bernieBERiecke bergerDBerger hhbHHBülthoff techreport 2541 2004 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Verkehrswissenschaften (IZVW), Würzburg ITotzke H-PKrüger MHofmann meilingerTMeilinger NRauch GSchmidt poster PapeWSBM2011 2011 11 41 288.05 Grid cells in entorhinal cortex of freely moving rodents were proposed to provide a universal metric of space. They tile the environment into a six-fold symmetric pattern with a particular orientation relative to the environment. The six-fold rotational symmetry of grid patterns can be used to predict a macroscopic signal to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans [Doeller et al, 2010, Nature]. During hippocampal remapping, grid pattern orientations in rats also change. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether orientation changes (i.e., remapping) can also be found in humans. Participants learned object locations within a virtual room (see Figure 1 left side) and retrieved locations from different start locations during two scanning sessions. They then navigated into an adjacent room and repeated the procedure. We extracted grid orientations from odd trials, and predicted the BOLD response in even trials as a function of the deviation between running direction and the estimated grid orientation for each session. This prediction was significant for the right entorhinal cortex, replicating earlier findings. In 80% of the cases grid cell orientations significantly differed between sessions both within a room and between rooms (see Figure 1 right side). Switching off the virtual environment between sessions for about one minute was seemingly sufficient for that. For male, but not for female participants, grid cell orientation was clustered around the random view of the room experienced at session start. Data suggests that human grid cell orientations can be rather flexible which might be due to the virtuality of the experience. Grid cell orientation might at least for male participants be related to the initial view of an environment. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.sfn.org/am2011/ Washington, DC, USA 41st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience (Neuroscience 2011) antopiaA-APape TWolbers johannesJSchultz hhbHHBülthoff meilingerTMeilinger poster PapeWSBM2011_2 2011 10 12 38 Grid cells in entorhinal cortex of freely moving rodents were proposed to provide a universal metric of space. They tile the environment into a six-fold symmetric pattern with a particular orientation relative to the environment. The six-fold rotational symmetry of grid patterns can be used to predict a macroscopic signal to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans [Doeller et al, 2010, Nature]. During hippocampal remapping, grid pattern orientations in rats also change. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether orientation changes (i.e. remapping) can also be found in humans. Participants learned object locations within a virtual room and retrieved locations from different start locations during two scanning sessions. They then navigated into an adjacent room and repeated the procedure. We extracted grid orientations from odd trials, and predicted the BOLD response in even trials as a function of the deviation between running direction and the estimated grid orientation for each session. This prediction was significant for the right entorhinal cortex, replicating earlier findings. In 80% of the cases grid cell orientations significantly differed between sessions both within a room and between rooms. Switching off the virtual environment between sessions for about one minute was seemingly sufficient for that. For male, but not for female participants, grid cell orientation was clustered around the random view of the room experienced at session start. Data suggests that human grid cell orientations can be rather flexible which might be due to the virtuality of the experience. Grid cell orientation might at least for male participants be related to the initial view of an environment. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.neuroschool-tuebingen-nena.de/index.php?id=284 Heiligkreuztal, Germany 12th Conference of Junior Neuroscientists of Tübingen (NeNA 2011) antopiaA-APape TWolbers johannesJSchultz hhbHHBülthoff meilingerTMeilinger poster 6508 Journal of Vestibular Research 2010 8 20 3-4 282 Path integration, the ability to update the position and orientation of external locations predominantly on the basis of internal cues, is an effective strategy for spatial navigation. While extensive work has been done on evaluating path integration in the horizontal plane, little is known for movements in the vertical (third) dimension. Here we assess whether pointing to the origin of translational movement in vertical planes is similar to that found for movement in the horizontal plane alone. 15 observers sat upright in a racecar seat that was mounted to the flange of a modified KUKA c anthropomorphic robot arm (Fig. 1a). An LCD display was 50cm in front of the observers who were otherwise tested in the dark. Sensory information was manipulated by providing visual (optic flow, limited lifetime star field), vestibular-kinesthetic (passive self motion with eyes closed), or visual and vestibularkinesthetic motion cues. Movement trajectories consisted of two segment lengths (1st: 0.4 m, 2 nd: 1 m; ± 0.24 m/s2 peak acceleration). Movements in the horizontal, sagittal and frontal planes consisted of: forward-rightward (FR) or rightward-forward (RF), downward-forward (DF) or forward-downward (FD), and downward-rightward (DR) or rightward-downward (RD) movements respectively. The angle of the two segments was either 45◦ or 90◦. A 15 s pause preceded each trajectory. Observers pointed back to their origin by moving an arrow that was superimposed on an avatar presented on the screen (Fig. 1b). Movement of the arrow was constrained to the trajectory’s plane and controlled by a joystick. The avatarwas presented from frontal, sagittal and horizontal viewpoints. Observers were allowed to use any or all viewpoints to answer. The starting orientation of the arrow was randomized across trials. Each condition was repeated 3 times and presented in random order. Signed error and response time were analyzed as dependent variables. Observers were more likely to underestimate angle size (average data less than 0◦; Fig. 1c) for movement in the horizontal plane compared to the vertical planes. In the frontal plane observers were more likely on average to overestimate angle size (average data more than 0◦), while there was no such bias in the sagittal plane. Another discrepancy between horizontal and vertical planes was that responses in the vertical planes were more closely related to a response bias suggesting that the path segments were of equal length (solid grey line). Finally, observers responded slower (Fig. 1d) when answering based on vestibular-kinesthetic information alone. These results suggest that human path integration based on vestibular-kinesthetic information alone takes longer than when visual information is present. Path integration has been well established as a means used to resolve where an observer originated but is prone to underestimates of the angle one has moved through. Our results show this for translational movement but only within the horizontal plane. In the vertical planes pointing may have been directed in accordance with an assumption of equal path lengths. This result suggests that alternative strategies for determining one’s origin may be adopted when moving in the third dimension which may relate to the fact that humans experience movement mostly within the horizontal plane. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://iospress.metapress.com/content/m2507728n2243114/fulltext.pdf Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Reykjavik, Iceland XXVI Bárány Society Meeting en 10.3233/VES-2010-0374 mbcMBarnett-Cowan meilingerTMeilinger vidalMVidal hhbHHBülthoff poster 6425 Experimentelle Psychologie 2010 3 52 16 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff https://www.teap.de/index.php/teap2010/saarbruecken2010 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Saarbrücken, Germany 52. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2010) de meilingerTMeilinger soumanJLSouman hhbHHBülthoff poster 5909 Cognitive Processes 2009 9 10 Supplement 2 S169 The theories of situated and embodied cognition have been gaining more and more attention recently. We examined the influence of the current situation (i.e., location and orientation) on accessing spatial memory of locations within ones city of residence. Tu¨bingen residents produced a simple map of the city centre, by arranging small badges representing well-known locations on a sheet of paper or a computer screen. Participants produced the maps at different locations relative to the city centre (north of, east of, etc.) and in different body orientations (facing north, east, etc.). We analyzed the orientation of these maps (north up, east up, etc.).We found an influence of location and body orientation on the orientation of the maps. Participants produced maps in the orientation they were facing more often than expected by chance (i.e., produced a north up map when facing north, an east up map when facing east, etc.). Participants also oriented the maps according to their viewpoint more often than expected by chance (i.e., produced a north up map when located south of the city centre, an east up map when located west, etc.). These results indicate that some participants either selected one of multiple long-term representations or they adopted a single longterm spatial representation according to the current situation. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://w3.uniroma1.it/icsc/2009/ Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Roma, Italy 4th International Conference on Spatial Cognition (ICSC 2009) en 10.1007/s10339-009-0328-1 meilingerTMeilinger frankensteinJFrankenstein sholzerSHolzer brescianiJ-PBrescani poster 5908 Perception 2009 8 38 ECVP Abstract Supplement 63 In this experiment we examined alignment and distance effects in human memory for a highly familiar environmental space. Twenty-seven participants who lived on average seven years in Tübingen saw a photorealistic virtual model of the city centre of Tübingen (Virtual Tübingen) through a head-mounted display. They were teleported to five different places in Virtual Tübingen and asked to point towards well-known target locations. This procedure was repeated 36 times for each of the target locations in 12 different body orientations. Participants pointed much more accurately when oriented northwards regardless of target. There were no significant correlations between straight line distance to the pointing target and pointing speed or accuracy. These results are consistent with the assumption that all locations were represented within one oriented coordinate system. Even though this is predicted by reference direction theory, it is unclear why, first, almost all participants have the same reference direction, and second, why this direction is north. We discuss our results with respect to well-known theories of spatial memory and speculate that the bias for a north orientation is because participants rely on the memory of a map of Tübingen for their response. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v090953 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Regensburg, Germany 32nd European Conference on Visual Perception en frankensteinJFrankenstein mohlerBMohler hhbHHBülthoff meilingerTMeilinger poster 5710 2009 8 31 1997 We asked the question how language influences a presumably embodied system such as human wayfinding. To test this, participants walked along a route in a virtual environment. They were asked to remember half of the intersections by what they saw. At the other 50% of intersections they heard an arbitrary name which they also had to remember. In the test phase they were teleported to different intersections and had to indicate the direction the route went on. At intersections without a name they performed faster and more accurately. In a second experiment meaningful names were used instead. Participants now performed better at named intersection. The results indicate an interaction between language and the presumably embodied wayfinding system. This interaction cannot be explained by a limited common resource, depth of processing, overshadowing, or linguistic scaffolding. However, it is consistent with dual coding. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/conference2009/index.html Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Amsterdam, Netherlands 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009) en meilingerTMeilinger jspJSchulte-Pelkum frankensteinJFrankenstein naimaNLaharnar GHardieß hamHAMallot hhbHHBülthoff poster 5907 Perception 2009 8 38 ECVP Abstract Supplement 66 Theories of situated and embodied cognition have been gaining more and more attention recently. We examined the influence of the current situation (ie, location and orientation) on accessing spatial memory of locations within one's city of residence. Tübingen residents produced a simple map of the city centre, by arranging small badges representing well-known locations on a sheet of paper. Participants produced the maps at different locations relative to the city centre (north of, east of, etc) and in different body orientations (facing north, east, etc). We analyzed the orientation of these maps (north up, east up, etc). We found an influence of location and body orientation on the orientation of the maps. Participants produced maps in the orientation they were facing more often than expected by chance (eg, produced an east up map when facing east). Participants also oriented the maps according to their viewpoint more often than expected by chance (eg, produced a west up map when located east of the city centre). These results indicate that participants do not just access spatial long-term memory of their city of residence, but that they adjust it according to their current situation. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v090730 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Regensburg, Germany 32nd European Conference on Visual Perception en meilingerTMeilinger frankensteinJFrankenstein sholzerSHolzer J-PBrescani poster 5244 2008 10 9 14 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Dresden, Germany 9. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Kognitionswissenschaft (KogWis '08) en meilingerTMeilinger vosgerauGVosgerau poster 5245 2008 10 9 15 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Dresden, Germany 9. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Kognitionswissenschaft (KogWis '08) en meilingerTMeilinger poster 5246 2008 10 9 32 This experiment tested whether vista spaces such as rooms or plazas are encoded differently in memory compared to environmental spaces such as buildings or cities. Participants learned an immersive virtual environment by walking through it in one direction. The environment consisted of seven corridors forming a labyrinth within which target objects were located. The participants either learned this environmental space alone, or distant mountains provided additional compass information. In a third condition, this labyrinth was located within a big hall (i.e., a vista space) which allowed self-localisation with respect to the vista space of the hall. In the testing phase, participants were teleported to different locations in the environment and were asked to identify their location and heading first, and then to point towards previously learned targets. In general, participants self localized faster when oriented in the direction in which they originally learned each corridor. However, a subset of participants showed a different orientation specificity in their pointing performance originating more from the orientation of the mountains or the hall. These participants were identified in catch trials after the experiment. The results are first hints for a difference in memory for vista and environmental spaces. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Dresden, Germany 9. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Kognitionswissenschaft (KogWis '08) en meilingerTMeilinger jspJSchulte-Pelkum naimaNLaharnar terawWTeramoto frankensteinJFrankenstein hhbHHBülthoff poster 5528 2008 10 9 32 The integration of spatial information across different perspectives or viewpoints is a frequent spatial task, yet relatively little is known about it. In the present experiment, participants were shown three target locations from one point of view. After walking away, they either returned to the same location or to a novel location before being presented with three additional target locations. Their task was to plan and navigate the shortest possible path to visit all six target locations. To successfully solve the task, participants had to integrate different pieces of spatial information acquired from two viewpoints. We measured errors and the time to reach the first target. An increased number of errors in the condition including a perspective shift strongly suggest that participants encoded different views which had to be aligned in order to be integrated. The fact that the increase in errors primarily originated from the target locations presented first, indicates that the first view was transformed into the perspective of the second view. Neither egocentric updating, allocentric orientation-independent memory, nor allocentric reference axis theory can explain these results. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Dresden, Germany 9. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft für Kognitionswissenschaft (KogWis '08) en malteJMWiener meilingerTMeilinger ABerthoz poster 4656 2007 7 10 124 This study examined orientation specificity in human long-term memory for environmental spaces, and was designed to disambiguate between three theories concerning the organisation of memory: reference direction theory [e.g., 1], view dependent theory [e.g., 2] and a theory assuming orientation-independency [e.g., 3]. Participants learned an immersive virtual environment by walking in one direction. The environment consisted of seven corridors within which target objects were located. In the testing phase, participants were teleported to different locations in the environment and were asked to identify their location and heading and then to point towards previously learned targets. In experiment 1 eighteen participants could see the whole corridor and were able to turn their head during the testing phase, whereas in experiment 2 visibility was limited and the twenty participants were asked to not turn their heads during pointing. Reference direction theory assumes a global reference direction underlying the memory of the whole layout and would predict better performance when oriented in the global reference direction. However, no support was found for the reference direction theory. Instead, as predicted by view-dependent theories, participants pointed more accurately when oriented in the direction in which they originally learned each corridor, even when visibility was limited to one meter for all orientations (all results p<.05). When the whole corridor was visible, participants also self-localised faster when oriented in the learned direction. In direct comparison participants pointed more accurately when facing the learned direction instead of the global reference direction. With the corridors visible they also self-localised faster. No support was found for an exclusive orientation-independent memory as performance was orientation-dependent with respect to the learned orientation. We propose a ‘network of reference frames’ theory which extends the view-dependent theory by stating how locations learned from different views are connected within a spatial network. This theory is able to integrate elements of the different theoretical positions. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk07/abstract.php?_load_id=meilinger01 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Tübingen, Germany 10th Tübinger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK 2007) en meilingerTMeilinger bernieBERiecke naimaNLaharnar hhbHHBülthoff poster 4438 Experimentelle Psychologie 2007 3 49 234 Welche Information ist notwendig um sich zu orientieren? In zwei Feldexperimenten wurde ein Grundriss mit drei stark schematisierten Karten verglichen, die nur Routenwissen bereitstellten. Mit Hilfe der Karte bestimmten die 32 Probanden in je zwei Aufgaben ihre Position in einem ihnen unbekannten komplexen mehrstöckigen Gebäude und mussten verschiedene Ziele finden. Kartennutzung und verschiedene Leistungsmaße wurden erhoben. Trotz der spärlicheren Information fanden die Probanden ihr Ziel mit der eindeutigen Schemakarte besser, als mit dem Grundriss. Keine Unterschiede ergaben sich in der Selbstlokalisation. Beide Gruppen orientierten sich vermutlich an der Netzwerkstruktur der Wege und nicht an lokaler Geometrie, was den Suchraum möglicher Standpunkte verkleinert. Die Nutzung der schematisierten Karte erfolgte schneller. Hoch schematisierte Karten mit weniger als der Standardinformation können zu besserer Leistung führen. Die Ergebnisse werden im Kontext von Routen und Überblickswissen interpretiert. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=17312 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Trier, Germany 49. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2007) de meilingerTMeilinger MBrösamle CHölscher GWilbertz JBüchner HSprenger poster 4078 2006 6 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.ki2006.fb3.uni-bremen.de/ Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Bremen, Germany 29th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence (KI 2006) meilingerTMeilinger poster 4841 2006 3 9 127 This study examined the working memory systems relevant for wayfinding. 24 participants learned two routes in a novel photorealistic virtual environment displayed on a 220 screen while performing a verbal, a visual, a spatial or no secondary task. Performance in the secondary task and in subsequent retracing of the previously presented routes with a joystick was recorded. Participants without a secondary task performed better compared to participants with a secondary task. On one route participants with the visual secondary task got lost less often compared to participants with the verbal secondary task. Better performance in the visual secondary task was found compared to the spatial secondary task. A trade-off between first and secondary task could be ruled out. The results indicate that spatial and verbal memory were used in wayfinding. Despite other results in pre-tests we measured a non-significant higher difficulty of the spatial secondary task in a baseline condition, providing an alternative explanation for the importance of spatial memory. After the experiment we tested the participants’ memory for their local surroundings. In a choice reaction task presented on a computer screen they had to discriminate pictures of intersections they had encountered before from distracters. Intersections encountered before were discriminated faster and more accurate from distracters when the perspective seen was along the direction of travelling compared to 90 or the opposite direction. The participants encoded their local environment view-dependent as they encountered it. At the level of large scale spaces, this result contradicts with encoding spatial information relative to a single reference direction [e.g. 1]. Pictures taken along the direction of travel were recognised better and faster than pictures aligned with a reference direction defined by the initial direction or the main orientation of the environment. In agreement with studies in reorientation [e.g. 2], verbal memory was used for wayfinding. These results are consistent with a dual coding approach, which states that spatial information is also encoded verbally. Local intersections were stored view-dependent as experienced along with the direction of travel rather than parallel to the initial orientation or the main orientation of a route. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk06/abstract.php?_load_id=meilinger01 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Tübingen, Germany 9th Tübingen Perception Conference (TWK 2006) en meilingerTMeilinger widigerAWidinger knauffMKnauff hhbHHBülthoff poster 3897 Experimentelle Psychologie 2006 3 48 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.psych.uni-mainz.de/teap/ Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Mainz, Germany 48. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2006) en SJBüchner CHölscher meilingerTMeilinger poster 3856 2005 9 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.geog.buffalo.edu/COSIT05/ Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Ellicottville, NY, USA Conference On Spatial Information Theory (COSIT '05) en CHölscher meilingerTMeilinger GVrachliotis MBrösamle poster 3354 Experimentelle Psychologie 2005 4 47 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Regensburg, Germany 47. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2005) de meilingerTMeilinger knauffMKnauff widigerAWidiger hhbHHBülthoff poster 2681 Experimentelle Psychologie 2004 4 46 169 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.allpsych.uni-giessen.de/teap/index.php D. Kerzel, V. Franz & K. Gegenfurtner Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Giessen, Germany 46. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2004) meilingerTMeilinger knauffMKnauff poster 2466 Experimentelle Psychologie 2002 3 44 31 Im Forschungsprojekt -Kompetenzerwerb für Fahrerinformationssysteme- (gefördert durch Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik e.V. und Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen) wird gezeigt, in welcher Weise der Aufbau begrifflicher und visueller Repräsentationen mitverantwortlich für das Erlernen von Informationssystemen ist. Erfasst werden die Leistung in der Systemnavigation (Bedienzeiten, Fehler, Hilfebenutzung), einer semantischen Wahlreaktionsaufgabe und der Zuweisung der relativen Itemposition auf einer eindimensionalen visuellen Analogskala. Studie 1 (n = 28 Probanden) belegt, dass die Eindeutigkeit begrifflicher Hierarchien in einem selbsterklärenden System den Lernerfolg beeinflusst. Die Systembenutzer konstruieren zugleich eine visuelle Repräsentation. Begrifflich eindeutige Hierarchien gehen mit einer präziseren visuellen Repräsentation einher. Studie 2 (n = 10 Probanden) zeigt, dass mit einem höheren Lernaufwand selbst bei einem System sinnloser Silben eine begriffliche Repräsentation aufgebaut wird. Die Veränderung der Position von Systeminhalten beeinflusst die Systemnavigation, nicht jedoch dessen begriffliche Repräsentation. Das Erlernen von Informationssystemen ist folglich als multicodierter Prozess zu betrachten, in dem begriffliche und visuelle Repräsentationen als lernrelevante Faktoren zu berücksichtigen sind. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/hsw/psychologie/forschung/teap2002/poster.html Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Chemnitz, Germany 44. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2002) HPKrüger ITotzke meilingerTMeilinger NRauch poster 2459 Experimentelle Psychologie 2002 3 44 167 Im Rahmen des Projektes „Kompetenzerwerb für Fahrerinformationssysteme“ (gefördert durch Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik e.V. und Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen) wird untersucht, welche Menüsystemarten besser gelernt werden. N = 28 Probanden sollen per Joystick das Menüsystem eines Raumschiffes befehligen. Variiert werden die Darbietung übergeordneter Menüs (eine vs. alle Ebenen), die Häufigkeit von Aufgaben sowie die Sortierung des Menüsystems nach Zielen, die erreicht werden sollen, oder nach Geräten, die dafür benutzt werden. Größe und Struktur einzelner Menübereiche werden miteinander verglichen. Untersucht wird Lernen, Wiedererlernen nach einer Woche und Umlernen auf ein häufigkeitsangepasstes System, mit Menüpunkten in Reihenfolge ihrer bisherigen Auftretenshäufigkeit. Die entsprechende Veränderung der Bedienleistung wird über Bedienzeiten, Fehleranzahl und -arten sowie die Hilfebenutzung erfasst. Die anfänglichen Vorteile der Gerätesortierung und der Darbietung übergeordneter Menüs verringern sich mit fortschreitendem Lernen. Eine einwöchige Pause führt zu unterschiedlich starken Einbußen im Lernfortschritt. Beim Umlernen kommt es zu Leistungseinbußen in der Bedienung der Menüsysteme. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/hsw/psychologie/forschung/teap2002/poster.html Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Chemnitz, Germany 44. Tagung Experimentell Arbeitender Psychologen (TeaP 2002) meilingerTMeilinger ITotzke H-PKrüger thesis 4962 2008 7 1 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/strategies_of_orientation_in_environmental_spaces_4962[0].pdf http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg. i. Br., Germany PhD en meilingerTMeilinger thesis 2487 2002 http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Diplom meilingerTMeilinger miscellaneous 6077 Gehirn und Geist 2009 10 2009 10 54-59 Tag für Tag orientieren wir uns sicher im Raum. Was selbstverständlich klingt, stellt für unser Gehirn eine große Herausforderung dar. Wie meistert es diese? Die Hirnforscher Tobias Meilinger und Christian Doeller suchen nach dem inneren Kompass, der uns den Weg weist. http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de Department Bülthoff http://www.gehirn-und-geist.de/artikel/1001493 Biologische Kybernetik Max-Planck-Gesellschaft de meilingerTMeilinger CDoeller