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@Article { FrankensteinMBM2011,
   title = {Is the Map in Our Head Oriented North?},
   journal = {Psychological Science},
   year = {2012},
   month = {2},
   volume = {23},
   number = {2},
   pages = {120-125},
   abstract = {We examined how a highly familiar environmental space—one’s city of residence—is represented in memory. Twenty-six participants faced a photo-realistic virtual model of their hometown and completed a task in which they pointed to familiar target locations from various orientations. Each participant’s performance was most accurate when he or she was facing north, and errors increased as participants’ deviation from a north-facing orientation increased. Pointing errors and latencies were not related to the distance between participants’ initial locations and the target locations. Our results are inconsistent with accounts of orientation-free memory and with theories assuming that the storage of spatial knowledge depends on local reference frames. Although participants recognized familiar local views in their initial locations, their strategy for pointing relied on a single, north-oriented reference frame that was likely acquired from maps rather than experience from daily exploration. Even though participants had spent significantly more time navigating the city than looking at maps, their pointing behavior seemed to rely on a north-oriented mental map.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://pss.sagepub.com/content/23/2/120.full.pdf+html},
   DOI = {10.1177/0956797611429467},
   author = {Frankenstein, J and Mohler, BJ and B{\"u}lthoff, HH and Meilinger, T}
}

@Inproceedings { 5709,
   title = {Spatial Memory for Highly Familiar Environments},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009)},
   year = {2009},
   month = {8},
   pages = {2650-2655},
   abstract = {In this experiment we examined orientation dependency in human memory for a highly familiar environmental space. Twenty-seven inhabitants living for at least two years in T{\"u}bingen saw a photorealistic virtual model of the city center (Virtual T{\"u}bingen) through a head-mounted display. They were teleported to five different initial locations in Virtual T{\"u}bingen and asked to point towards well-known target locations. This procedure was repeated in twelve different body-orientations for each of the initial locations. Participants pointed more accurately when oriented northwards regardless of the initial location. We also found a small effect of local orientation. The more participants were aligned with the street leading to the target location the better was their pointing performance. Even though the strong alignment effect with a global orientation is predicted by reference direction theory, this theory does not predict that this global orientation is, first, common for almost all participants, and second, t
hat this orientation is north. We discuss our results with respect to well-known theories of spatial memory and speculate that the bias we find for north orientation is due to participants relying on memory of a city map of T{\"u}bingen for their pointing response.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/CogSci2009-Frankenstein_5709[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2009/index.html},
   editor = {Taatgen, N. , H. Van Rijn},
   publisher = {Curran},
   address = {Red Hook, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
   event_name = {31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {978-0-9768318-5-3},
   author = {Frankenstein, J and Meilinger, T and Mohler, BJ and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { 5909,
   title = {The situational influence of location and body orientation on the recall of survey knowledge},
   journal = {Cognitive Processes},
   year = {2009},
   month = {9},
   volume = {10},
   number = {Supplement 2},
   pages = {S169},
   abstract = {The theories of situated and embodied cognition have been gaining more and more attention recently. We examined the influence of the current situation (i.e., location and orientation) on accessing spatial memory of locations within ones city of residence. Tu¨bingen residents
produced a simple map of the city centre, by arranging small badges representing well-known locations on a sheet of paper or a computer screen. Participants produced the maps at different locations relative to the city centre (north of, east of, etc.) and in different body orientations
(facing north, east, etc.). We analyzed the orientation of these maps (north up, east up, etc.).We found an influence of location and body orientation on the orientation of the maps. Participants produced maps in the orientation they were facing more often than expected by chance (i.e., produced a north up map when facing north, an east up map when facing east, etc.). Participants also oriented the maps according to their viewpoint more often than expected by chance (i.e., produced a north up map when located south of the city centre, an east up map when located west, etc.). These results indicate that some participants either selected one of multiple long-term representations or they adopted a single longterm spatial representation according to the current situation.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://w3.uniroma1.it/icsc/2009/},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Roma, Italy},
   event_name = {4th International Conference on Spatial Cognition (ICSC 2009)},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1007/s10339-009-0328-1},
   author = {Meilinger, T and Frankenstein, J and Holzer, S and Brescani, J-P}
}

@Poster { 5908,
   title = {Distance and alignment effects in survey knowledge of a highly familiar city},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2009},
   month = {8},
   volume = {38},
   number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
   pages = {63},
   abstract = {In this experiment we examined alignment and distance effects in human memory for a highly familiar environmental space. Twenty-seven participants who lived on average seven years in T{\"u}bingen saw a photorealistic virtual model of the city centre of T{\"u}bingen (Virtual T{\"u}bingen) through a head-mounted display. They were teleported to five different places in Virtual T{\"u}bingen and asked to point towards well-known target locations. This procedure was repeated 36 times for each of the target locations in 12 different body orientations. Participants pointed much more accurately when oriented northwards regardless of target. There were no significant correlations between straight line distance to the pointing target and pointing speed or accuracy. These results are consistent with the assumption that all locations were represented within one oriented coordinate system. Even though this is predicted by reference direction theory, it is unclear why, first, almost all participants have the same reference direction, and second, why this direction is north. We discuss our results with respect to well-known theories of spatial memory and speculate that the bias for a north orientation is because participants rely on the memory of a map of T{\"u}bingen for their response.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v090953},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Regensburg, Germany},
   event_name = {32nd European Conference on Visual Perception},
   language = {en},
   author = {Frankenstein, J and Mohler, B and B{\"u}lthoff, HH and Meilinger, T}
}

@Poster { 5710,
   title = {Place naming: examining the influence of language on wayfinding},
   year = {2009},
   month = {8},
   volume = {31},
   pages = {1997},
   abstract = {We asked the question how language influences a presumably embodied system such as human wayfinding. To test this, participants walked along a route in a virtual environment. They were asked to remember half of the intersections by what they saw. At the other 50\% of intersections they heard an arbitrary name which they also had to remember. In the test phase they were teleported to different intersections and had to indicate the direction the route went on. At intersections without a name they performed faster and more accurately. In a second experiment meaningful names were used instead. Participants now performed better at named intersection. The results indicate an interaction between language and the presumably embodied wayfinding system. This interaction cannot be explained by a limited common resource, depth of processing, overshadowing, or linguistic scaffolding. However, it is consistent with dual coding.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/conference2009/index.html},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
   event_name = {31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci 2009)},
   language = {en},
   author = {Meilinger, T and Schulte-Pelkum, J and Frankenstein, J and Laharnar, N and Hardie{\ss}, G and Mallot, HA and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { 5907,
   title = {The influence of the current situation on the recall of survey knowledge: the case of location and body orientation},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2009},
   month = {8},
   volume = {38},
   number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
   pages = {66},
   abstract = {Theories of situated and embodied cognition have been gaining more and more attention recently. We examined the influence of the current situation (ie, location and orientation) on accessing spatial memory of locations within one's city of residence. T{\"u}bingen residents produced a simple map of the city centre, by arranging small badges representing well-known locations on a sheet of paper. Participants produced the maps at different locations relative to the city centre (north of, east of, etc) and in different body orientations (facing north, east, etc). We analyzed the orientation of these maps (north up, east up, etc). We found an influence of location and body orientation on the orientation of the maps. Participants produced maps in the orientation they were facing more often than expected by chance (eg, produced an east up map when facing east). Participants also oriented the maps according to their viewpoint more often than expected by chance (eg, produced a west up map when located east of the city centre). These results indicate that participants do not just access spatial long-term memory of their city of residence, but that they adjust it according to their current situation.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v090730},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Regensburg, Germany},
   event_name = {32nd European Conference on Visual Perception},
   language = {en},
   author = {Meilinger, T and Frankenstein, J and Holzer, S and Brescani, J-P}
}

@Poster { 5246,
   title = {Orientation biases in memory for vista and environmental spaces},
   year = {2008},
   month = {10},
   volume = {9},
   pages = {32},
   abstract = {This experiment tested whether vista spaces such as rooms or plazas are encoded differently in memory compared to environmental spaces such as buildings or cities. Participants learned an immersive virtual environment by walking through it in one direction. The environment consisted of seven corridors forming a labyrinth within which target objects were located. The participants either learned this environmental space alone, or distant mountains provided additional compass information. In a third condition, this labyrinth was located within a big hall (i.e., a vista space) which allowed self-localisation with respect to the vista space of the hall. In the testing phase, participants were teleported to different locations in the environment and were asked to identify their location and heading first, and then to point towards previously learned targets. In general, participants self localized faster when oriented in the direction in which they originally learned each corridor. However, a subset of participants showed a different orientation specificity in their pointing performance originating more from the orientation of the mountains or the hall. These participants were identified in catch trials after the experiment. The results are first hints for a difference in memory for vista and environmental spaces.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Dresden, Germany},
   event_name = {9. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Kognitionswissenschaft (KogWis '08)},
   language = {en},
   author = {Meilinger, T and Schulte-Pelkum, J and Laharnar, N and Teramoto, W and Frankenstein, J and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}