@Proceedings{ DoddsFFHS2013,
title = {Virtually face-to-face: Telecommunication and collaboration using Virtual Reality},
year = {2013},
month = {3},
pages = {-},
web_url = {http://ieeevr.org/2013/node/35},
publisher = {-},
address = {-},
event_name = {IEEE Virtual Reality 2013},
event_place = {Orlando, FL, USA},
state = {published},
ISBN = {-},
author = {Dodds T{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Fr\"ohlich B, Fuchs H, Heldal I and Steptoe W}
}

@Article{ HeydrichDAHBMB2013,
title = {Visual capture and the experience of having two bodies: Direct comparison of two virtual reality techniques},
journal = {-},
year = {2013},
month = {1},
state = {published},
author = {Heydrich L, Dodds T{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Aspell JE, Herbelin B, B\"ulthoff HH{hhb}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Mohler B{mohler}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and Blanke O}
}

@Article{ DoddsMB2011,
title = {Talk to the Virtual Hands: Self-Animated Avatars Improve Communication in Head-Mounted Display Virtual Environments},
journal = {PLoS One},
year = {2011},
month = {10},
volume = {6},
number = {10},
pages = {1-12},
abstract = {Background
When we talk to one another face-to-face, body gestures accompany our speech. Motion tracking technology enables us to include body gestures in avatar-mediated communication, by mapping one's movements onto one's own 3D avatar in real time, so the avatar is self-animated. We conducted two experiments to investigate (a) whether head-mounted display virtual reality is useful for researching the influence of body gestures in communication; and (b) whether body gestures are used to help in communicating the meaning of a word. Participants worked in pairs and played a communication game, where one person had to describe the meanings of words to the other.
Principal Findings
In experiment 1, participants used significantly more hand gestures and successfully described significantly more words when nonverbal communication was available to both participants (i.e. both describing and guessing avatars were self-animated, compared with both avatars in a static neutral pose). Participants ‘passed’ (gave up describing) significantly more words when they were talking to a static avatar (no nonverbal feedback available). In experiment 2, participants' performance was significantly worse when they were talking to an avatar with a prerecorded listening animation, compared with an avatar animated by their partners' real movements. In both experiments participants used significantly more hand gestures when they played the game in the real world.
Conclusions
Taken together, the studies show how (a) virtual reality can be used to systematically study the influence of body gestures; (b) it is important that nonverbal communication is bidirectional (real nonverbal feedback in addition to nonverbal communication from the describing participant); and (c) there are differences in the amount of body gestures that participants use with and without the head-mounted display, and we discuss possible explanations for this and ideas for future investigation.},
file_url = {fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/2011/Dodds-TalktotheVirtualHands-PLoSOne-2011.pdf},
web_url = {http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action;jsessionid=BB8DF7295C39A064E5FFC9839EC935BD.ambra01?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025759&representation=PDF},
state = {published},
DOI = {10.1371/journal.pone.0025759},
EPUB = {e25759},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Mohler BJ{mohler}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and B\"ulthoff HH{hhb}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}}
}

@Article{ 6094,
title = {Using mobile group dynamics and virtual time to improve teamwork in large-scale collaborative virtual environments},
journal = {Computers & Graphics},
year = {2009},
month = {4},
volume = {33},
number = {2},
pages = {130-138},
abstract = {Mobile group dynamics (MGDs) assist synchronous working in collaborative virtual environments (CVEs), and virtual time (VT) extends the benefits to asynchronous working. The present paper describes the implementation of MGDs (teleporting, awareness and multiple views) and VT (the utterances of 23 previous users were embedded in a CVE as conversation tags), and their evaluation using an urban planning task. Compared with previous research using the same scenario, the new MGD techniques produced substantial increases in the amount that, and distance over which, participants communicated. With VT participants chose to listen to a quarter of the conversations of their predecessors while performing the task. The embedded VT conversations led to a reduction in the rate at which participants traveled around, but an increase in live communication that took place. Taken together, the studies show how CVE interfaces can be improved for synchronous and asynchronous collaborations, and highlight possibilities for future
research.},
file_url = {/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/computersgraphics09_6094[0].pdf},
web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6TYG-4VG5HY5-1-10&_cdi=5618&_user=29041&_pii=S0097849309000144&_orig=search&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2009&_sk=999669997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkzk&md5=1da33bd23cab40845ffa464e4a4068a8&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
state = {published},
DOI = {doi:10.1016/j.cag.2009.01.001},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and Ruddle RA{roy}}
}

@Inproceedings{ DoddsMdSB2011,
title = {Embodied Interaction in Immersive Virtual Environments with Real Time Self-animated Avatars},
year = {2011},
month = {5},
pages = {132-135},
abstract = {This paper outlines our recent research that is providing users with a 3D avatar representation, and in particular focuses on studies in which the avatar is self-animated in real time. We use full body motion tracking, so when participants move their hands and feet, these movements are mapped onto the avatar. In a recent study (Dodds et al., CASA 2010), we found that a self-animated avatar aided participants in a communication task in a head-mounted display immersive virtual environment (VE). From the perspective of communication, we discovered it was not only important for the person speaking to be self-animated, but also for the person listening to us. Further, we show the potential of immersive VEs for investigating embodied interaction, and highlight possibilities for future research.},
file_url = {fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/2011/CHI-2011-Dodds.pdf},
web_url = {http://www.antle.iat.sfu.ca/chi2011_EmbodiedWorkshop/},
web_url2 = {http://www.elisevandenhoven.com/publications/antle-chi11wp.pdf},
editor = {Antle A.N. , P. Marshall P, E. Van Den Hoven},
publisher = {ACM Press},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
event_name = {Workshop Embodied Interaction: Theory and Practice in HCI (CHI 2011)},
event_place = {Vancouver, BC},
state = {published},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Mohler BJ{mohler}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, de la Rosa S{delarosa}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Streuber S{stst}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and B\"ulthoff HH{hhb}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}}
}

@Inproceedings{ 6541,
title = {A Communication Task in HMD Virtual Environments: Speaker and Listener Movement Improves Communication},
journal = {Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2010)},
year = {2010},
month = {6},
pages = {1-4},
abstract = {In this paper we present an experiment which investigates the influence of animated real-time self-avatars in immersive virtual environments on a communication task. Further we investigate the influence of 1st and 3rd person perspectives and the influence of tracked speaker and listener. We find that people perform best in our communication task when both the speaker and the listener have an animated self-avatar and when the speaker is in the 3rd person. The more people move the better they perform in the communication task. These results suggest that when two people in a virtual environment are animated then they do use gestures to communicate.},
file_url = {/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/casa_final_6541[0].pdf},
web_url = {http://casa2010.inria.fr/},
event_name = {23rd Annual Conference on Computer  Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2010)},
event_place = {Saint-Malo, France},
state = {published},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}, Mohler BJ{mohler}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and B\"ulthoff HH{hhb}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}}
}

@Inproceedings{ 6093,
title = {Using Teleporting, Awareness and Multiple Views to Improve Teamwork in Collaborative Virtual Environments},
journal = {Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments (EGVE ‘08)},
year = {2008},
month = {5},
pages = {81-88},
abstract = {Mobile Group Dynamics (MGDs) are a suite of techniques that help people work together in large-scale collaborative virtual environments (CVEs). The present paper describes the implementation and evaluation of three additional MGDs techniques (teleporting, awareness and multiple views) which, when combined, produced a 4 times increase in the amount that participants communicated in a CVE and also significantly increased the extent to which participants communicated over extended distances in the CVE. The MGDs were evaluated using an urban planning scenario using groups of either seven (teleporting + awareness) or eight (teleporting + awareness + multiple views) participants. The study has implications for CVE designers, because it provides quantitative and qualitative data about how teleporting, awareness and multiple views improve groupwork in CVEs.},
file_url = {/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/egve08_6093[0].pdf},
web_url = {http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/egve/egve2008.html},
editor = {Van Liere, R. , B.J. Mohler},
publisher = {The Eurographics Association},
address = {Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments (EGVE 2008)},
event_name = {EGVE Symposium (2008)},
event_place = {Eindhoven, Netherlands},
state = {published},
ISBN = {978-3-905674-06-4},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action} and Ruddle RA{roy}}
}

@Inproceedings{ 6092,
title = {Mobile group dynamics in large-scale collaborative virtual environments},
journal = {Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality (VR ‘08)},
year = {2008},
month = {3},
pages = {59-66},
abstract = {We have developed techniques called mobile group dynamics (MGDs), which help groups of people to work together while they travel around large-scale virtual environments. MGDs explicitly showed the groups that people had formed themselves into, and helped people move around together and communicate over extended distances. The techniques were evaluated in the context of an urban planning application, by providing one batch of participants with MGDs and another with an interface based on conventional collaborative virtual environments (CVEs). Participants with MGDs spent nearly twice as much time in close proximity (within 10m of their nearest neighbor), communicated seven times more than participants with a conventional interface, and exhibited real-world patterns of behavior such as staying together over an extended period of time and regrouping after periods of separation. The study has implications for CVE designers, because it shows how MGDs improves groupwork in CVEs.},
file_url = {/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/ieeevr08_6092[0].pdf},
web_url = {http://conferences.computer.org/vr/2008/prelim/},
editor = {Lin, M.C. , A. Steed, C. Cruz-Neira},
publisher = {IEEE},
address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA},
event_name = {IEEE Virtual Reality Conference 2008 (VR '08)},
event_place = {Reno, NV, USA},
state = {published},
ISBN = {978-1-4244-1971-5},
DOI = {10.1109/VR.2008.4480751},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds} and Ruddle RA{roy}}
}

@Poster{ 6997,
title = {Changing our perception of communication in virtual environments},
journal = {Perception},
year = {2010},
month = {8},
volume = {39},
number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
pages = {183},
abstract = {When people communicate face-to-face they use gestures and body language that naturally coincide with speech [McNeill, 2007, Gesture & Thought, University of Chicago Press.].  In an immersive virtual environment (VE) we can control both participants' visual feedback of self and the other in order to investigate the effect of gestures on a communication task. In our experiment the communication task is to make the listener say a word without the speaker saying the word. We use animated real-time self-avatars in immersive VEs to answer the question: `Does the use of naturalistic gestures help communication in VEs'.  Specifically, we perform a within-subject experiment which investigates the influence of first- and third-person perspectives, and of animated speaker and listener. We find that people significantly perform better in the communication task when both the speaker and listener have an animated self-avatar and when the camera for the speaker
shows a third-person perspective. When participants moved more they also performed better in the task.  These results suggest that when two people in a VE are animated they do use gestures to communicate.  These results demonstrate that in addition to the speaker movements, the listener movements are important for efficient communication in an immersive VE.},
web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v100134},
event_name = {33rd European Conference on Visual Perception},
event_place = {Lausanne, Switzerland},
state = {published},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}, Mohler BJ{mohler} and B\"ulthoff HH{hhb}}
}

@Conference{ Dodds2011,
title = {Telecommunication in Virtual Reality with Self-animated Avatars},
year = {2011},
month = {6},
web_url = {http://beaming-eu.org/beaming2011},
event_name = {BEAMING 2011 Workshop: Real Actions in Virtual Environments (RAVE 2011)},
event_place = {Barcelona, Spain},
state = {published},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}}
}

@Conference{ 6998,
title = {Communication in Virtual Environments},
year = {2010},
month = {10},
day = {1},
web_url = {http://www.interaction-design.org/references/conferences/proceedings_of_the_joint_virtual_reality_conference_of_egve_-_eurovr_-_vec.html},
event_name = {2010 Joint Virtual Reality Conference of EuroVR - EGVE - VEC (JVRC 2010)},
event_place = {Stuttgart, Germany},
state = {published},
author = {Dodds TJ{dodds}{Department Human Perception, Cognition and Action}}
}