% 
% This file was created by the Typo3 extension
% sevenpack version 0.7.14
% 
% --- Timezone: CEST
% Creation date: 2013-05-26
% Creation time: 01-12-30
% --- Number of references
% 50
% 

@Article { ChillerGlausSHKK2011,
   title = {Recognition of emotion in moving and static composite faces},
   journal = {Swiss Journal of Psychology},
   year = {2011},
   month = {12},
   volume = {70},
   number = {4},
   pages = {233-240},
   abstract = {This paper investigates whether the greater accuracy of emotion identification for dynamic versus static expressions, as noted in previous research, can be explained through heightened levels of either component or configural processing. Using a paradigm by Young, Hellawell, and Hay (1987), we tested recognition performance of aligned and misaligned composite faces with six basic emotions (happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger, sadness). Stimuli were created using 3D computer graphics and were shown as static peak expressions (static condition) and 7 s video sequences (dynamic condition). The results revealed that, overall, moving stimuli were better recognized than static faces, although no interaction between motion and other factors was found. For happiness, sadness, and surprise, misaligned composites were better recognized than aligned composites, suggesting that aligned composites fuse to form a single expression, while the two halves of misaligned composites are perceived as two separate emotions. For anger, disgust, and fear, this was not the case. These results indicate that emotions are perceived on the basis of both configural and component-based information, with specific activation patterns for separate emotions, and that motion has a quality of its own and does not increase configural or component-based recognition separately.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/sjp/70/4/233.pdf},
   DOI = {10.1024/1421-0185/a000061},
   author = {Chiller-Glaus, SD and Schwaninger, A and Hofer, F and Kleiner, M and Knappmeyer, B}
}

@Article { 5646,
   title = {Two Routes to Face Perception: Evidence From Psychophysics and Computational Modeling},
   journal = {Cognitive Science},
   year = {2009},
   month = {9},
   volume = {33},
   number = {8},
   pages = {1413-1440},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchLobColWal_inPress_[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122605602/PDFSTART},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01059.x},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Lobmaier, JS and Wallraven, C and Collishaw, S}
}

@Article { 4776,
   title = {An own-race advantage for components as well as configurations in face recognition},
   journal = {Cognition},
   year = {2008},
   month = {2},
   volume = {106},
   number = {2},
   pages = {1017-1027},
   abstract = {The own-race advantage in face recognition has been hypothesized as being due to a superiority in the processing of configural information for own-race faces. Here we examined the contributions of both configural and component processing to the own-race advantage. We recruited 48 Caucasian participants in Australia and 48 Chinese participants in Hong Kong, and had them study Caucasian and Chinese faces. After study, they were shown old faces (along with distractors) that were either blurred (isolating configural processing), in which high spatial frequencies were removed from the intact faces, or scrambled (isolating component processing), in which the locations of all face components were rearranged. Participants performed better on the memory test for own-race faces in both the blurred (configural) and scrambled (component) conditions, showing an own-race advantage for both configural and component processing. These results suggest that the own-race advantage in face recognition is due to a general facilita
tion in different forms of face processing.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6T24-4NT2530-1-5\&_cdi=4908\&_user=29041\&_orig=search\&_coverDate=02\%2F29\%2F2008\&_sk=998939997\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVtz-zSkzS\&md5=f33d042671859b67d373e705541263b1\&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.002},
   author = {Hayward, WG and Rhodes, G and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Article { 4926,
   title = {Categorization of natural scenes: Local versus global information and the role of color},
   journal = {ACM Transactions on Applied Perception},
   year = {2007},
   month = {11},
   volume = {4},
   number = {3:19},
   pages = {1-21},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/TAP-4-3-19-Vogel_4926[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1278387.1278393},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1145/1278387.1278393},
   author = {Vogel, J and Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Article { 3873,
   title = {A psychophysically plausible model for typicality ranking of natural scenes},
   journal = {ACM Transactions on Applied Perception},
   year = {2006},
   month = {10},
   volume = {3},
   number = {4},
   pages = {333-353},
   abstract = {Natural scenes constitute a very heterogeneous stimulus class. Each semantic category contains exemplars of varying typicality. It is therefore an interesting question whether humans can categorize natural scenes consistently into a relatively small number of categories such as coasts, rivers/lakes, forests, plains, and mountains. This is particularly important for applications such as image retrieval systems. Only if typicality is perceived consistently across different individuals, a general image retrieval system makes sense. In this study we use psychophysics and computational modeling to gain a deeper understanding of scene typicality. In the first psychophysical experiment we used a forced-choice categorization task in which each of 250 natural scenes had to be classified into one of the following five categories: coasts, rivers/lakes, forests, plains, and mountains. In the second experiment, the typicality of each scene had to be rated on a fifty point scale for each of the five categories. The psychop
hysical results show high consistency between participants not only in the categorization of natural scenes, but also in the typicality ratings. In order to model human perception, we then employ a computational approach that uses an intermediate semantic modeling step by extracting local semantic concepts such as rock, water, sand, etc.. Based on the human typicality ratings, we learn a psychophysically plausible distance measure that leads to a high correlation between the computational and the human ranking of natural scenes. Interestingly, model comparisons without a semantic modeling step correlated much less with human performance suggesting that our model is psychophysically very plausible.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchVogHofSch2006_3873[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://delivery.acm.org/10.1145/1200000/1190037/p333-schwaninger.pdf?key1=1190037\&key2=8029005711\&coll=GUIDE\&dl=\&CFID=15151515\&CFTOKEN=6184618},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1190036.1190037},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Vogel, J and Hofer, F and Schiele, B}
}

@Article { 3407,
   title = {Objects influence perceived gaze direction.},
   journal = {Experimental Psychology},
   year = {2006},
   month = {2},
   volume = {53},
   number = {2},
   pages = {117-122},
   abstract = {The interpretation of another person’s eye gaze is a key element of social cognition.  Previous research has established that this ability develops early in life and is influenced by the person’s head orientation, as well as local features of the person’s eyes.  Here we show that the presence of objects in the attended space also has an impact on gaze interpretation.  Adults identified the fixation points of photographed faces with a mouse cursor.  Their responses were systematically biased toward the locations of nearby objects. This capture of perceived gaze direction probably reflects the attribution of intentionality and has methodological implications for research on gaze perception.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/LobFisSch2006_3407[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1027/1618-3169.53.2.117},
   author = {Lobmaier, JS and Fischer, MH and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Article { 4415,
   title = {Reacting to the Terror Threat: Analysing, Controlling and Adapting to Meet New Threats},
   journal = {Airport},
   year = {2006},
   volume = {2006},
   number = {5},
   pages = {30-31},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/airport-2006-30_[0].pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   author = {Schwaninger, A}
}

@Article { 3776,
   title = {Learning from Humans: Computational Modeling of Face Recognition},
   journal = {Network},
   year = {2005},
   month = {12},
   volume = {16},
   number = {4},
   pages = {401-418},
   abstract = {In this paper we propose a computational architecture of face recognition based on evidence from cognitive research. Specifically, several recent psychophysical experiments have shown that humans process faces by a combination of configural and component information. Using an appearance-based implementation of this architecture based on low-level features and their spatial relations we were able to model aspects of human performance found in psychophysical studies. Furthermore, results from additional computational recognition experiments show that our framework is able to achieve excellent recognition performance even under large view rotations. Our interdisciplinary study is an example of how results from cognitive research can be used to construct recognition systems with increased performance. Finally, our modeling results also make new experimental predictions that will be tested in further psychophysical studies thus effectively closing the loop between psychophysical experimentation and computational m
odeling.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/learning_from_humans_computational_modeling_of_face_recognition_3776[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/ftinterface\verb=~=content=a748094272\verb=~=fulltext=713240930},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1080/09548980500508844},
   author = {Wallraven, C and Schwaninger, A and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Article { 3864,
   title = {The face-inversion effect can be explained by the capacity limitations of an orientation normalization mechanism},
   journal = {Japanese Psychological Research},
   year = {2005},
   month = {9},
   volume = {47},
   number = {3},
   pages = {216-222},
   abstract = {The effect of orientation on face recognition was explored by selectively altering facial components (eyes and mouth) or by changing configural information (distances between components). Regardless of the type of change, a linear increase in reaction time for same-different judgments was revealed when the faces were rotated away from upright. The analyses of error scores indicated that the detection of altered components was only slightly affected by orientation, while orientation had a detrimental effect on the detection of configural changes. These results are consistent with the assumption that rotated faces overtax an orientation normalization mechanism so that they have to be processed by mentally rotating parts, which makes it difficult to recover configural information.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchwaningerMast2005_[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1111/j.1468-5884.2005.00290.x},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Mast, FW}
}

@Article { 2855,
   title = {The inversion effect on gaze perception reflects processing of component information},
   journal = {Experimental Brain Research},
   year = {2005},
   month = {8},
   volume = {167},
   number = {1},
   pages = {49-55},
   abstract = {When faces are turned upside-down they are much more difficult to recognize than other objects. This “face inversion effect” has often been explained by configural processing, which is impaired when faces are rotated away from the upright. Here we report a “gaze inversion effect” and discuss whether it is related to configural face processing of the whole face. Observers reported the gaze locations of photographed upright or inverted faces. When whole faces were presented, we found an inversion effect both for constant errors and observer sensitivity. These results were closely replicated when only the eyes were visible. Together, our findings suggest that gaze processing is largely based on componentbased information from the eye region. Processing this information is orientationsensitive and does not seem to rely on configural processing of the whole face.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchLobFis2005_2855[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/n34012474w106l30/fulltext.pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1007/s00221-005-2367-x},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Lobmaier, JS and Fischer, MH}
}

@Article { 3866,
   title = {Aviation security screeners visual abilities \& visual knowledge measurement},
   journal = {IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine},
   year = {2005},
   month = {6},
   volume = {20},
   number = {6},
   pages = {29-35},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchHarHof2005_[0].pdf},
   web_url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true\&arnumber=1453809},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1109/MAES.2005.1412124},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Hardmeier, D and Hofer, F}
}

@Article { 2848,
   title = {Configural processing and perceptions of head tilt},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2005},
   month = {2},
   volume = {34},
   number = {2},
   pages = {163-168},
   abstract = {Configural processing is important for face recognition, but its role in other types of face-processing is unclear. In the present study, participants made judgements of head tilt for faces in which the vertical position of the internal facial region was varied. We found a highly reliable relationship between inner-face position and perceived head tilt. We also found that changes in inner-face position affected the perceived dimensions of an individual unchanged facial feature: compared to control faces, nearly two-thirds of faces in which the features had been moved down were judged to have a longer nose. This finding suggests an early integration of configural and featural processing to create a stable holistic percept of the face. The demonstration of holistic processing at a basic perceptual level (as opposed to during face recognition) is important as it constrains possible models of the relationships between featural and configural processing.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2848.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/perception/fulltext/p34/p5216.pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1068/p5216},
   author = {Collishaw, SM and Hole, GJ and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Article { 3055,
   title = {Computational Modeling of Face Recognition Based on Psychophysical Experiments},
   journal = {Swiss Journal of Psychology},
   year = {2004},
   month = {9},
   volume = {63},
   number = {3},
   pages = {207-215},
   abstract = {Recent results from psychophysical studies are discussed which clearly show that face processing is not only holistic. Humans do encode face parts (component information) in addition to information about the spatial interrelationship of facial features (global configural information). Based on these findings we propose a computational architecture of face recognition, which implements a component and configural route for encoding and recognizing faces. Modeling results showed a striking similarity between human psychophysical data and the computational model. In addition, we could show that our framework is able to achieve good recognition performance even under large view rotations. Thus, our study is an example of how an interdisciplinary approach can provide a deeper understanding of cognitive processes and lead to further insights in human psychophysics as well as computer vision.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchWalBul2004_3055[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1024/1421-0185.63.3.207},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Article { 2192,
   title = {Configural information is processed differently in perception and recognition of faces},
   journal = {Vision Research},
   year = {2003},
   month = {6},
   volume = {43},
   number = {14},
   pages = {1501-1505},
   abstract = {Several previous studies have stressed the importance of processing configural information in face recognition. In this study the perception of configural information was investigated. Large overestimations were found when the eye?mouth distance and the intereye distance had to be estimated. Whereas configural processing is disrupted when inverted faces have to be recognized the perceptual overestimations persisted when faces were inverted. These results suggest that processing configural information is different in perceptual as opposed to recognition tasks.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2192.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B6T0W-48M7SW1-3-14\&_cdi=4873\&_user=29041\&_orig=browse\&_coverDate=06\%2F30\%2F2003\&_sk=999569985\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkzk\&md5=b52cdbcbd4a4ba362a68613c8f091671\&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00171-8},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Ryf, S and Hofer, F}
}

@Inproceedings { 4652,
   title = {A statistical approach for image difficulty estimation in x-ray screening using image measurements},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV‘07)},
   year = {2007},
   month = {7},
   pages = {123-130},
   abstract = {The relevance of aviation security has increased dramatically at the beginning of this century. One of the most important tasks is the visual inspection of passenger bags using x-ray machines. In this study, we investigated the role of image based factors on human detection of prohibited items in x-ray images. Schwaninger, Hardmeier, and Hofer (2004, 2005) have identified three image based factors: View Difficulty, Superposition and Bag Complexity. This article consists of 4 experiments which lead to the development of a statistical model that is able to predict image difficulty based on these image based factors. Experiment 1 is a replication of earlier findings confirming the relevance of image based factors as defined by Schwaninger et al. (2005) on x-ray detection performance. In Experiment 2, we found significant correlations between human ratings of image based factors and human detection performance. In Experiment 3, we introduced our image measurements and found significant correlations between them a
nd human detection performance. Moreover, significant correlations were found between our image measurements and corresponding human ratings, indicating high perceptual plausibility. In Experiment 4, it was shown using multiple linear regression analysis that our image measurements can predict human performance as well as human ratings can. Applications of a computational model for threat image projection systems and for adaptive computer-based training are discussed.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/apgv07-123_[0].pdf},
   web_url = {http://www.apgv.org/archive/apgv07/},
   editor = {Wallraven, C. , V. Sundstedt},
   publisher = {ACM Press},
   address = {New York, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV 2007)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {978-1-59593-670-7},
   DOI = {10.1145/1272582.1272606},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Michel, S and Bolfing, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 4464,
   title = {Using 3D computer graphics for perception:  The role of local and global information in face processing},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV‘07)},
   year = {2007},
   month = {7},
   pages = {19-26},
   abstract = {Everyday life requires us to recognize faces under transient changes in pose, expression and lighting conditions. Despite this, humans are adept at recognizing familiar faces. In this study, we focused on determining the types of information human observers use to recognize faces across variations in viewpoint. Of specific interest was whether holistic information is used exclusively, or whether the local information contained in facial parts (featural or component information), as well as their spatial relationships (configural information) is also encoded. A rigorous study investigating this question has not previously been possible, as the generation of a suitable set of stimuli using standard image manipulation techniques was not feasible. A 3D database of faces that have been processed to extract morphable models (Blanz \& Vetter, 1999) allows us to generate such stimuli efficiently and with a high degree of control over display parameters. Three experiments were conducted, modeled after the inter-extra-ortho experiments by B{\"u}lthoff \& Edelman, 1992. The first experiment served as a baseline for the subsequent two experiments. Ten face-stimuli were presented from a frontal view and from a 45\(^{\circ}\) side view. At test, they had to be recognized among ten distractor faces shown from different viewpoints. We found systematic effects of viewpoint, in that the recognition performance increased as the angle between the learned view and the tested view decreased. This finding is consistent with face processing models based on 2D-view interpolation. Experiments 2 and 3 were the same as Experiment 1 expect for the fact that in the testing phase, the faces were presented scrambled or blurred. Scrambling was used to isolate featural from configural information. Blurring was used to provide stimuli in which local featural information was reduced. The results demonstrated that human observers are capable of recognizing faces across different viewpoints on the sole basis of isolated featural information and of isolated configural information.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/apgv07-19_4464[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.apgv.org/archive/apgv07/},
   editor = {Wallraven, C. , V. Sundstedt},
   publisher = {ACM Press},
   address = {New York, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {4th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV 2007)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {978-1-59593-670-7},
   DOI = {10.1145/1272582.1272586},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Schumacher, S and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Inproceedings { 3995,
   title = {Categorization of natural scenes: local vs. global information},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV06)},
   year = {2006},
   month = {7},
   pages = {33-40},
   abstract = {Understanding the robustness and rapidness of human scene categorization has been a focus of investigation in the cognitive sciences over the last decades. At the same time, progress in the area of image understanding has prompted computer vision researchers to design computational systems that are capable of automatic scene categorization. Despite these efforts, a framework describing the processes underlying human scene categorization that would enable efficient computer vision systems is still missing. In this study, we present both psychophysical and computational experiments that aim to make a further step in this direction by investigating the processing of local and global information in scene categorization. In a set of human experiments, categorization performance is tested when only local or only global image information is present. Our results suggest that humans rely on local, region-based information as much as on global, configural information. In addition, humans seem to integrate both types of information for intact scene categorization. In a set of computational experiments, human performance is compared to two state-of-the-art computer vision approaches that model either local or global information.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/VogSchWalBue2006_3995[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.apgv.org/archive/apgv06/},
   editor = {Spencer, S. N.},
   publisher = {ACM Press},
   address = {New York, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Boston, MA, USA},
   event_name = {3rd Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV 2006)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {1-59593-429-4},
   DOI = {10.1145/1140491.1140498},
   author = {Vogel, J and Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Inproceedings { 3408,
   title = {The object recognition test (ORT) – a reliable tool for measuring visual abilities needed in x-ray screening},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (CCST‘05)},
   year = {2005},
   month = {10},
   pages = {189-192},
   abstract = {Aviation security screening has become very important in recent years. It was shown in [1] that certain image-based factors influence detection when visually inspecting x-ray images of passenger bags. Threat items are more difficult to recognize when placed in close-packed bags (effect of bag complexity), when superimposed by other objects (effect of superposition), and when rotated (effect of viewpoint). The X-Ray Object Recognition Test (X-Ray ORT) was developed to measure the abilities needed to cope with these factors. In this study, we examined the reliability and validity of the X-Ray ORT based on a sample of 453 aviation security screeners and 453 novices. Cronbach Alpha and split-half analysis revealed high reliability. Validity was examined using internal, convergent, discriminant and criterion-related validity estimates. The results show that the X-Ray ORT is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring visual abilities needed in x-ray screening. This makes the X-Ray ORT an interesting tool for com
petency and pre-employment assessment purposes.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/HarHofSch2005_3408[0].pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {IEEE ICCST},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   institution = {IEEE},
   event_place = {Gran Canaria, Spain},
   event_name = {39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1109/CCST.2005.1594876},
   author = {Hardmeier, D and Hofer, F and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 3409,
   title = {Towards a model for estimating image difficulty in x-ray screening.},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (CCST‘05)},
   year = {2005},
   month = {10},
   pages = {185-188},
   abstract = {In this study we developed a first computational model for estimating image difficulty of x-ray images of passenger bags. Based on [1] three image-based factors are proposed as predictors of image difficulty: view difficulty of the threat item, superposition by other objects, and bag complexity (i.e. clutter and transparency of the bag). First, these factors were validated using detection experiments. We then developed computer-based algorithms to estimate the image-based factors automatically. Finally, we could show that our computational model can better explain human performance than human ratings of the imagebased factors.},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {IEEE ICCST 2005},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   institution = {IEEE},
   event_place = {Gran Canaria, Spain},
   event_name = {39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1109/CCST.2005.1594875},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Michel, S and Bolfing, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 3865,
   title = {Towards improving trust in context-aware systems by displaying system confidence},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI 2005)},
   year = {2005},
   month = {9},
   pages = {9-14},
   abstract = {For automatic or context-aware systems a major issue is user trust, which is to a large extent determined by system reliability. For systems based on sensor input which are inherently uncertain or even uncomplete there is little hope that they will ever be perfectly reliable. In this paper we test the hypothesis if explicitly displaying the current confidence of the system increases the usability of such systems. For the example of a context-aware mobile phone, the experiments show that displaying confidence information increases the user's trust in the system.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/AntKerSchSch2005_[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://mobilehci.icts.sbg.ac.at/},
   editor = {Tscheligi, M. , R. Bernhaupt, K. Mihalic},
   publisher = {ACM Press},
   address = {New York, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Salzburg, Austria},
   event_name = {7th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI 2005)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {1-59593-089-2},
   DOI = {10.1145/1085777.1085780},
   author = {Antifakos, S and Kern, N and Schiele, B and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 2853,
   title = {A model for human interruptability: experimental evaluation and automatic estimation from wearable sensors},
   journal = {Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC‘04)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {11},
   pages = {158-165},
   abstract = {For the estimation of user interruptability in wearable and mobile settings, we propose in [Context-aware notfication for wearable computing] to distinguish between the users' personal and social interruptability. In this paper, we verify this thesis with a user study on 24 subjects. Results show that there is a significant difference between social and personal interruptability. Further, we present a novel approach to estimate the social and personal interruptability of a user from wearable sensors. It is scalable for a large number of sensors, contexts, and situations and allows for online adaptation during run-time. We have developed a wearable platform, that allows to record and process the data from a microphone, 12 body-worn 3D acceleration sensors, and a location estimation. We have evaluated the approach on three different data sets, with a maximal length of two days.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2853.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1033883},
   publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
   address = {Los Alamitos, CA, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Arlington, VA, USA},
   event_name = {Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC '04)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {0-7695-2186-X},
   DOI = {10.1109/ISWC.2004.3},
   author = {Kern, N and Antifakos, S and Schiele, B and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 4779,
   title = {Increasing Efficiency in Airport Security Screening},
   journal = {AVSEC World 2004},
   year = {2004},
   month = {11},
   pages = {1-14},
   abstract = {The prominence of aviation security has increased
dramatically in recent years. As a reaction to the new threat situation
large investments into modern security technology have been made.
State-of-the-art X-ray screening equipment provides high resolution
images, many image enhancement features and even automatic
explosive detection. However, the most expensive equipment is of
limited value if the humans who operate it are not selected and
trained to perform their task accurately and efficiently. In fact,
according to several experts, the human operator is currently the
weakest link in aviation security. This article presents results of
studies conducted over the last four years which clearly show that
threat detection in X-ray images can be increased substantially by
investing into human factors technologies that are based on results of
visual cognition, object recognition and psychophysics.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/AvsecWorld2004-Schwaninger_[0].pdf},
   booktitle = {AVSEC World 2004},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
   event_name = {AVSEC World 2004},
   language = {en},
   author = {Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 2850,
   title = {Measuring visual abilities and visual knowledge of aviation security screeners},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (CCST‘04)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {10},
   volume = {38},
   pages = {258-264},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2850.pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {IEEE ICCST 2004},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA},
   event_name = {38th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1109/CCST.2004.1405402},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Hardmeier, D and Hofer, F}
}

@Inproceedings { 2849,
   title = {Reliable and valid measures of threat detection performance in X-ray screening},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (CCST‘04)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {10},
   volume = {38},
   pages = {303-308},
   abstract = {Over the last decades, airport security technology has evolved remarkably. This is especially evident when state-of-the-art detection systems are concerned. However, such systems are only as effective as the personnel who operate them. Reliable and valid measures of screener detection performance are important for risk analysis, screener certification and competency assessment, as well as for measuring quality performance and effectiveness of training systems. In many of these applications the hit rate is used in order to measure detection performance. However, measures based on signal detection theory have gained popularity in recent years, for example in the analysis of data from threat image projection (TIP) or computer based training (CBT) systems.
In this study, computer-based tests were used to measure detection performance for improvised explosive devices (IEDs). These tests were conducted before and after training with an individually adaptive CBT system. The following measures were calculated: pHit, d’, \&\#916;m, Az, A’, p(c)max. All measures correlated well, but ROC curve analysis suggests that “nonparametric” measures are more valid to measure detection performance for IEDs. More specifically, we found systematic deviations in the ROC curves that are consistent with two-state low threshold theory of [9]. These results have to be further studied and the question rises if similar results could be obtained for other X-ray screening data. In any case, it is recommended to use A’ in addition to d’ in practical applications such as certification, threat image projection and CBT rather than the hit rate alone.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2849.pdf},
   publisher = {IEEE},
   booktitle = {IEEE ICCST 2004},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA},
   event_name = {38th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.1109/CCST.2004.1405409},
   author = {Hofer, F and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inproceedings { 2852,
   title = {Evaluating the Effects of Displaying Uncertainty in Context-Aware Applications},
   journal = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp 2004)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {9},
   pages = {54-69},
   abstract = {Many context aware systems assume that the context information they use is highly accurate. In reality, however, perfect and reliable context information is hard if not impossible to obtain. Several researchers have therefore argued that proper feedback such as monitor and control mechanisms have to be employed in order to make context aware systems applicable and useable in scenarios of realistic complexity. As of today, those feedback mechanisms are difficult to compare since they are too rarely evaluated. In this paper we propose and evaluate a simple but effective feedback mechanism for context aware systems. The idea is to explicitly display the uncertainty inherent in the context information and to leverage from the human ability to deal well with uncertain information. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this feedback mechanism the paper describes two user studies which mimic a ubiquitous memory aid. By changing the quality, respectively the uncertainty of context recognition, the experiments show that human performance in a memory task is increased by explicitly displaying uncertainty information. Finally, we discuss implications of these experiments for today’s context-aware systems.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2852.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   publisher = {Springer},
   address = {Berlin, Germany},
   booktitle = {UbiComp 2004: Ubiquitous Computing},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Nottingham, UK},
   event_name = {6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {978-3-540-30119-6},
   DOI = {10.1007/978-3-540-30119-6_4},
   author = {Antifakos, S and Schwaninger, A and Schiele, B}
}

@Inproceedings { 2808,
   title = {Using facial texture manipulation to study facial motion perception},
   journal = {Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualization (APGV‘04)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {8},
   pages = {180-180},
   abstract = {Manipulated still images of faces have often been used as stimuli for psychophysical research on human perception of faces and facial expressions. In everyday life, however, humans are usually confronted with moving faces. We describe an automated way of performing manipulations on facial video recordings and how it can be applied to investigate human dynamic face perception.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2808.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/bu/people/kleinerm/apgv04/},
   editor = {Interrante, V. , A. McNamara, H.H. B{\"u}lthoff, H.E. Rushmeier},
   publisher = {ACM Press},
   address = {New York, NY, USA},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Los Angeles, CA, USA},
   event_name = {1st Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV 2004)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {1-58113-914-4},
   DOI = {10.1145/1012551.1012602},
   author = {Kleiner, M and Schwaninger, A and Cunningham, DW and Knappmeyer, B}
}

@Inproceedings { 2272,
   title = {Learning from humans: computational modeling of face recognition},
   journal = {Proceedings of the Early Cognitive Vision Workshop (ECOVISION‘04)},
   year = {2004},
   month = {6},
   pages = {1-4},
   abstract = {In this paper we propose a computational architecture of face recognition based on evidence from cognitive research. Using an implementation of this architecture we were able to model aspects of human performance, which were found in psychophysical studies. Furthermore, results from additional recognition experi ments show that our framework is able to achieve excellent recognition performance even under large view rotations. Thus, our study is an example of how results from cognitive research can be used to construct recognition systems with better performance. Finally, our results also make new experimental predictions, which can be tested in further psychophysical studies thus closing the loop between experiment and modeling.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2272.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Skye, Scotland, UK},
   event_name = {Early Cognitive Vision Workshop (ECOVISION '04)},
   language = {en},
   author = {Wallraven, C and Schwaninger, A and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Inproceedings { 2029,
   title = {Role of featural and configural information in familiar and unfamiliar face recognition},
   journal = {Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Biologically Motivated Computer Vision (BMCV 2002)},
   year = {2002},
   month = {11},
   pages = {243-250},
   abstract = {Using psychophysics we investigated to what extent human face recognition relies on local information in parts (featural information) and on their spatial relations (configural information). This is particularly relevant for biologically motivated computer vision since recent approaches have started considering such featural information. In Experiment 1 we showed that previously learnt faces could be recognized by human subjects when they were scrambled into constituent parts. This result clearly indicates a role of featural information. Then we determined the blur level that made the scrambled part versions impossible to recognize. This blur level was applied to whole faces in order to create configural versions that by definition do not contain featural information. We showed that configural versions of previously learnt faces could be recognized reliably. In Experiment 2 we replicated these results for familiar face recognition. Both Experiments provide evidence in favor of the view that recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces relies on featural and configural information. Furthermore, the balance between the two does not differ for familiar and unfamiliar faces. We propose an integrative model of familiar and unfamiliar face recognition and discuss implications for biologically motivated computer vision algorithms for face recognition.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2029.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/tmcvk4x8nyx7xv3f/fulltext.pdf},
   editor = {B{\"u}lthoff, H.H. , S.W. Lee, T.A. Poggio, C. Wallraven},
   publisher = {Springer},
   address = {Berlin, Germany},
   booktitle = {Biologically Motivated Computer Vision},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {Second International Workshop on Biologically Motivated Computer Vision (BMCV 2002)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {3-540-00174-3},
   DOI = {10.1007/3-540-36181-2_64},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Lobmaier, JS and Collishaw, SM}
}

@Inproceedings { 1987,
   title = {View-based recognition of faces in man and machine: Re-visiting Inter-Extra-Ortho},
   journal = {Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Biologically Motivated Computer Vision (BMCV 2002)},
   year = {2002},
   month = {11},
   pages = {651-660},
   abstract = {For humans, faces are highly overlearned stimuli, which are encountered in everyday life in all kinds of poses and views. Using psychophysics we investigated the effects of viewpoint on human face recognition. The experimental paradigm is modeled after the inter-extra-ortho experiment using unfamiliar objects by B{\"u}lthoff and Edelman [5]. Our results show a strong viewpoint effect for face recognition, which replicates the earlier findings and provides important insights into the biological plausibility of view-based recognition approaches (alignment of a 3D model, linear combination of 2D views and view-interpolation). We then compared human recognition performance to a novel computational view-based approach [29] and discuss improvements of view-based algorithms using local part-based information.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf1987.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/8gxurj83nth46f27/fulltext.pdf},
   editor = {B{\"u}lthoff, H.H. , S.W. Lee, T.A. Poggio, C. Wallraven},
   publisher = {Springer},
   address = {Berlin, Germany},
   series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
   booktitle = {Biologically Motivated Computer Vision},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {Second International Workshop on Biologically Motivated Computer Vision (BMCV 2002)},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {3-540-00174-3},
   DOI = {10.1007/3-540-36181-2_65},
   author = {Wallraven, C and Schwaninger, A and Schumacher, S and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Inbook { 3872,
   title = {Processing of identity and emotion in faces: a psychophysical, physiological and computational perspective},
   year = {2006},
   month = {9},
   pages = {321-343},
   abstract = {A deeper understanding of how the brain processes visual information can be obtained by comparing results from complementary fields such as psychophysics, physiology and computer science. In this article, empirical findings are reviewed with regard to the proposed mechanisms and representations for processing identity and emotion in faces. Results from psychophysics clearly show that faces are processed by analyzing component information (eyes, nose, mouth, etc.) and their spatial relationship (configural information). Results from neuroscience indicate separate neural systems for recognition of identity and facial expression. Computer science offers a deeper understanding of the required algorithms and representations, and provides computational modeling of psychological and physiological accounts. An interdisciplinary approach taking these different perspectives into account provides a promising basis for better understanding and modeling how the human brain processes visual information for recognition of i
dentity and emotion in faces.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/SchWalCunChi2006_3872[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg\&_imagekey=B7CV6-4M11DKW-P-9\&_cdi=18070\&_user=29041\&_orig=search\&_coverDate=12\%2F31\%2F2006\&_sk=998439999\&view=c\&wchp=dGLbVlz-zSkWb\&md5=3b7fc80082d533122ce8e941c7f70d2e\&ie=/sdarticle.pdf},
   editor = {Anders, S. , G. Ende, M. Junghofer, J. Kissler, D. Wildgruber},
   publisher = {Elsevier},
   address = {Amsterdam, Netherlands},
   series = {Progress in Brain Research ; 156},
   booktitle = {Understanding emotions},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {978-0-444-52182-8},
   DOI = {10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56018-2},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and Cunningham, DW and Chiller-Glaus, S}
}

@Inbook { 3867,
   title = {Increasing Efficiency in Airport Security Screening},
   year = {2005},
   pages = {407-416},
   abstract = {The prominence of aviation security has increased dramatically in recent years. As a reaction to the new threat situation large investments into modern security technology have been made. State-of-the-art x-ray screening equipment provides high resolution images and many image enhancement features. However, the most expensive equipment is of limited value if the humans who operate it are not selected and trained to perform their task accurately and efficiently. This article presents results of studies conducted over the last four years which clearly show that efficiency in x-ray screening can be increased substantially by investing into human factors technologies that are based on results of visual cognition, object recognition and psychophysics.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/Schwaninger2005b_[0].pdf},
   web_url = {http://library.witpress.com/pages/listPapers.asp?q_bid=329},
   editor = {Brebbia, C. A., T. Bucciarelli, F. Garzia, M. Guarascio},
   publisher = {WIT Press},
   address = {Southampton, United Kingdom},
   series = {WIT Transactions on the Built Environment ; 82},
   booktitle = {Safety and Security Engineering},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.2495/SAFE050401},
   author = {Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inbook { 2857,
   title = {Objekterkennung und Signaldetektion},
   year = {2005},
   pages = {108-132},
   abstract = {Beim Menschen ist der Sehsinn der differenzierteste aller Sinne. {\"U}ber zwei Drittel des Cortex dienen der Verarbeitung visueller Information. In diesem Beitrag wird aufgezeigt, wie Theorien der Objekterkennung und Signaldetektion kombiniert werden k{\"o}nnen, um praxisrelevante Wahrnehmungsprobleme zu l{\"o}sen. Im Folgenden werden zun{\"a}chst die wichtigsten Prozesse und Repr{\"a}sentationen dargestellt, welche von Mensch und Maschine f{\"u}r die Erkennung von Objekten unter verschiedenen Wahrnehmungsbedingungen eingesetzt werden k{\"o}nnen (Kapitel 2). Anschliessend wird in Kapitel 3 die Signaldetektionstheorie (SDT) besprochen, welche interdisziplin{\"a}r angewandte Methoden zur Messung von Detektions- und Erkennungsprozessen zur Verf{\"u}gung stellt. In Kapitel 4 wird anhand ausgew{\"a}hlter Beispiele illustriert, wie theoretische Ans{\"a}tze der Objekterkennung und psychophysische Methoden der SDT angewendet werden k{\"o}nnen. Dabei wird am Beispiel der Gep{\"a}ckkontrolle an Flugh{\"a}fen veranschaulicht, wie die SDT zur Messung der Erkennungsleistung verbotener Gegenst{\"a}nde in R{\"o}ntgenbildern angewendet werden kann. Am Beispiel der Gesichtserkennung wird gezeigt, wie mittels SDT verschiedene Computeralgorithmen mit der menschlichen Erkennungsleistung verglichen werden k{\"o}nnen.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2857.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.hogrefe.de/programm/praxisfelder-der-wahrnehmungspsychologie.html?catId=7},
   editor = {Kersten, B. , M. Groner},
   publisher = {Huber},
   address = {Bern, Switzerland},
   booktitle = {Praxisfelder der Wahrnehmungspsychologie},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {de},
   ISBN = {3-456-84252-X},
   author = {Schwaninger, A}
}

@Inbook { 3868,
   title = {Using threat image projection data for assessing individual screener performance},
   year = {2005},
   pages = {417-426},
   abstract = {Threat image projection (TIP) is a technology of current x-ray machines that allows exposing screeners to artificial but realistic x-ray images during the routine baggage x-ray screening operation. If a screener does not detect a TIP within a specified amount of time, a feedback message appears indicating that a projected image was missed. Feedback messages are also shown when a TIP image is detected or in the case of a non-TIP alarm, i.e. when the screener indicated that there was threat but in fact no TIP was shown. TIP data is an interesting source for quality control, risk analysis and assessment of individual screener performance. In two studies we examined the conditions for using TIP data for the latter purpose. Our results strongly suggest using aggregated data in order to have a large enough data sample as the basis for statistical analysis. Second, an appropriate TIP library containing a large number of threat items, which are representative for the prohibited items to be detected is recommended. Fu
rthermore, consideration should be given to image-based factors such as general threat item difficulty, viewpoint difficulty, superposition and bag complexity. Different methods to cope with these issues are discussed in order to achieve reliable, valid and standardized measurements of individual screener performance using TIP.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/HoferSchwaninger2005_[0].pdf},
   web_url = {http://library.witpress.com/pages/listPapers.asp?q_bid=329},
   editor = {Brebbia, C. A., T. Bucciarelli, F. Garzia, M. Guarascio},
   publisher = {WIT Press},
   address = {Southampton, United Kingdom},
   series = {WIT Transactions on the Built Environment ; 82},
   booktitle = {Safety and Security Engineering},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.2495/SAFE050411},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Hofer, F}
}

@Inbook { 2854,
   title = {Evaluation of CBT for increasing threat detection performance in X-ray screening},
   year = {2004},
   pages = {147-156},
   abstract = {The relevance of aviation security has increased dramatically in recent years. Airport security technology has evolved remarkably over the last decade, which is especially evident for state-of-the-art X-ray screening systems. However, such systems will be only as effective as the people who operate them. Recognizing all kinds of prohibited items in X-ray images of passenger bags is a challenging object recognition task. In this article we present a method to measure screener detection performance based on signal detection theory. This method is applied to measure training effects resulting from individually adaptive computer based training (CBT). We have found large increases of detection performance and substantial reductions in response time suggesting that CBT is a very effective tool for increasing effectiveness and efficiency in aviation security screening.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2854.pdf},
   web_url = {http://library.witpress.com/pages/listPapers.asp?q_bid=264},
   editor = {Morgan, K. , J. M. Spector},
   publisher = {WIT Press},
   address = {Southampton, United Kingdom},
   series = {WIT Transactions on Information and Communication Technologies ; 30},
   booktitle = {The Internet Society},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   DOI = {10.2495/NL040151},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Hofer, F}
}

@Inbook { 2030,
   title = {Expert face processing: specialisation and constraints},
   year = {2003},
   pages = {81-97},
   abstract = {Data provided are for informational purposes only. Although carefully collected, accuracy cannot be guaranteed. The impact factor represents a rough estimation of the journal's impact factor and does not reflect the actual current impact factor. Publisher conditions are provided by RoMEO. Differing provisions from the publisher's actual policy or licence agreement may be applicable.},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/pdf2030.pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   editor = {Schwarzer, G. , H. Leder},
   publisher = {Hogrefe \& Huber},
   address = {G{\"o}ttingen, Germany},
   booktitle = {Development of face processing},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   language = {en},
   ISBN = {0-88937-264-0},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Carbon, CC and Leder, H}
}

@Techreport { 4782,
   title = {Psychophysical results from experiments on recognition \& categorisation},
   year = {2002},
   month = {11},
   number = {IST-2000-29375},
   abstract = {A firm understanding of how the human visual system recognises and categorises objects is important in order to build a successful cognitive vision system. We have reviewed the relevant literature both on visual object recognition and categorisation (chapter 1). Based
on this review and the technical annex of this project we have addressed several topics in a series of psychophysical experiments, focusing on structural aspects of recognition
memory, object similarity in the context of categorisation, shape transformations in categorisation, the role of context in recognition and categorisation, and the interplay
between object motion and shape for categorisation decisions (chapter 2). Based on our psychophysical results we present our view on recognition and categorisation, proposing an integrative framework that serves as a theoretical basis for a computational recognition
system grounded in cognitive research (chapter 3).},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/GraSchWalBul2002_[0].pdf},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://fhweb.imvs.ch/ppt/content/pub/psychophysical-results-from-experiments-on-recognition-categorisation},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   institution = {Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Information Society Technologies Programme, Cognitive Vision Systems},
   language = {en},
   author = {Graf, M and Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { VeresInjacHS2007,
   title = {The time course of processing external and internal features of unfamiliar faces},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2007},
   month = {8},
   volume = {36},
   number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
   pages = {155},
   abstract = {The time course of processing internal and external features was studied in a face-matching task in which participants had to match target and test faces, which differed in their external (hair and face outlines) or internal features (eyes, nose, mouth), or both. To this end, three different definitions of 'same' were used: same trials were defined as full congruency between target and test faces or as congruency in external or in internal features only. The results of three experiments provide an evidence for very fast matching of faces on the basis of external or internal features. Maximal performance is achieved already with 90 ms exposure time and longer exposure (120 ms, 150 ms, self-determined) time did not improve accuracy. The study suggests that unfamiliar faces can be matched more accurately on the basis of external vs internal features. There is no inversion effect for facial features, while matching of whole faces is impaired by orientation.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v070362},
   event_place = {Arezzo, Italy},
   event_name = {30th European Conference on Visual Perception},
   author = {Veres-Injac, B and Hofer, F and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Poster { YangS2007,
   title = {Yang's eye illusion},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2007},
   month = {8},
   volume = {36},
   number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
   pages = {156},
   abstract = {A new visual illusion in face perception is demonstrated. Faces were mirrored and combined so that the distance between the resulting four irises were equal. In experiment 1, Caucasian and Asian face stimuli were used. Dot stimuli were created by deleting all face areas except the irises. Participants from two different ethnic groups (Swiss and Taiwanese) were asked to judge whether the distance between the middle two irises is larger, shorter, or equal to the distance between the left two or right two irises. Participants perceived the distance between the middle two irises as shorter than the other distances regardless of orientation and participant race. The illusion was found in face stimuli but not in dot stimuli. Interestingly, the illusion magnitude was larger for Asian than for Caucasian faces. In experiment 2, the face stimuli were replaced by line drawings of the eyes and irises. Similar results were obtained suggesting that the illusion is caused only by the shape of the eyes, and is independent of facial context.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v070403},
   event_place = {Arezzo, Italy},
   event_name = {30th European Conference on Visual Perception},
   author = {Yang, J and Schwaninger, A}
}

@Poster { SchwaningerKCHK2006,
   title = {Recognition of emotion in moving and static composite faces},
   journal = {Perception},
   year = {2006},
   month = {8},
   volume = {35},
   number = {ECVP Abstract Supplement},
   pages = {212},
   abstract = {We investigated the role of holistic processing for the perception of facial emotion and its interaction with non-rigid motion. Using an experimental paradigm by Young et al reported in 1987, we tested recognition performance of aligned and misaligned composite faces with six basic emotions (happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger, sadness). Stimuli were shown as 3-D animated realistic video sequences (moving condition) and as static peak expressions (static condition). The results (N=24) revealed that misaligned composites were better recognised than aligned composites, both for static and moving stimuli. When the two halves were aligned, a new emotion resembling each of the two originals seemed to emerge, suggesting holistic processing. This made it very difficult to identify the emotions from either half. When the top and bottom halves were misaligned horizontally (impairment of holistic processing), the two halves did fuse significantly less to create a new emotion, and the constituent halves remained identifiable. Whereas moving stimuli were better recognised than static faces, there was no interaction between motion and alignment. These results indicate that facial-expression processing is holistic in static and moving faces to a similar degree.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=v060653},
   event_place = {St. Petersburg},
   event_name = {29th European Conference on Visual Perception},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Kleiner, M and Chiller-Glaus, S and Hofer, F and Knappmeyer, B}
}

@Poster { SchwaningerWB2005,
   title = {Component, Configural and Temporal Routes in View-Based Face Recognition},
   year = {2005},
   month = {2},
   volume = {8},
   pages = {42},
   abstract = {Face recognition relies on detecting subtle differences between facial parts (components) and
their spatial relations, so-called configural information (for a recent review see [2]). Psychophysical
experiments are reported, in which a new method was used to test component
and configural processing separately [3]. An important role for both types of information was
revealed in unfamiliar as well as familiar face recognition and only quantitative but no qualitative
differences were found. The results could be modeled using a computational framework
based on key-frames in which the component and configural route were explicitly implemented
[4]. In a new series of experiments, the Inter-Extra-Ortho paradigm by B¨ulthoff and Edelman
[1] was applied to investigate face recognition across viewpoint. Systematic effects of viewpoint
were found that are consistent with local view interpolation schemes and the proposed
framework based on key-frames [5]. In a recent study the role of component and configural information
in view-based face recognition was investigated by combining the Inter-Extra-Ortho
paradigm with the psychophysical method for selective testing of processing component and
configural information. Interestingly, processing of parts was more dependent on viewpoint
than processing of configural information. The same result was found for the computational
model mentioned above, in which the component and configural processing route have been
implemented. The psychophysical and computational results are also discussed in respect to a
third route to recognition in which different views of a face are temporally associated [6].},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk05/programm.php},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {8th T{\"u}bingen Perception Conference (TWK 2005)},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { SchumacherSWB2004,
   title = {Role of Featural and Congural Information in Recognition Across Different Viewpoints},
   year = {2004},
   month = {2},
   volume = {7},
   pages = {143},
   abstract = {Everyday life requires us to identify different faces in many different poses and views, despite
this complexity, we are capable of recognizing familiar faces reasonably well. In this
study, we focus on the question of what kind of information human observers use to recognize
faces across variations in viewpoint; specically, whether they use only holistic information,
or whether they encode and store the local information contained in facial parts (featural information)
as well as their spatial relationships (congural information). Three experiments were
conducted, modelled after the inter-extra-ortho experiments by B¨ulthoff \& Edelman, 1992,
who used novel objects as stimuli (wire- and amoebae-like 3D objects). Experiment 1 was
designed as a base line for the subsequent experiments. Ten face-stimuli were presented in
frontal view and 45
r
side view. At test they had to be recognized among ten distractor faces
at different viewpoints. We found systematic effects of viewpoint (recognition performance:
inter = extra
s
ortho) similar to results in the original study. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed
analogously to Experiment 1 except for the fact that in the testing phase the faces were
presented scrambled or blurred. The results showed that human observers are capable of recognizing
faces across different viewpoints on the sole basis of isolated featural information
and of isolated congural information. Furthermore, we found systematic effects of viewpoint
for both isolated congural information and isolated featural information. The results provide
further support for two routes in face recognition and clearly show that part-based processing
is at least as viewpoint dependent as congural information. This effectively demonstrates
how view-based recognition pertains even to different processing routes. In addition to the psychophysical
experiments, systematic differences between the effects of viewpoint are discussed
in a computational framework based on key frames.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk04/index.php},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {7th T{\"u}bingen Perception Conference (TWK 2004)},
   author = {Schumacher, S and Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { SchwaningerSWBM2003,
   title = {News on Views From Human and Computational Face Recognition},
   year = {2003},
   month = {11},
   volume = {44},
   pages = {84},
   abstract = {Although faces form a very homogenous stimulus class, adults are real experts in recognizing them. In the present study, we investigated to what extend the processing of such highly overlearned stimuli is dependent on viewpoint. Four experiments were conducted on the basis of the inter-extra-ortho experiments by B{\"u}lthoff and Edelman (1991), who used novel objects as stimuli (wire- and amoeba-like
novel 3-D objects). First, in all experiments, systematic effects of viewpoint on face recognition performance were found that were consistent with computational approaches using interpolation of 2-D views. Second, sensitivity was better for horizontal vs. vertical views. Third, this
effect was reduced in inverted faces, which indicates an important role of expertise in addition to effects of symmetry. The results are discussed within the framework of a new computational model based on key-frames, which entails local view interpolation and has been shown to be well suited to model human face recognition performance.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.psychonomic.org/past-meeting.html},
   event_place = {Vancouver, Canada},
   event_name = {44th Annual Meeting of The Psychonomic Society},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Schumacher, S and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH and Mast, F}
}

@Poster { SchwaningerWSB2003,
   title = {News on facial views from humans and machine},
   journal = {Journal of Vision},
   year = {2003},
   month = {10},
   volume = {3},
   number = {9},
   pages = {837},
   abstract = {Abstract

Everyday experience suggests that faces can be recognized despite large changes of viewpoint. In this study we used the Inter-Extra-Ortho paradigm from Buelthoff and Edelman (1992) in order to investigate the underlying mechanisms of face recognition. We found systematic effects of viewpoint, which were consistent with computational approaches using interpolation of 2D views.

Our results extend the findings from Buelthoff and Edelman on unfamiliar objects to the highly familiar class of faces thus confirming image-based recognition processes independent of class familiarity.

In addition, we found that human recognition performance was qualitatively similar to the performance of an extended version of the computational recognition scheme proposed by Wallraven and Buelthoff (2001) using the same faces as in the psychophysical experiments. This algorithm entails processing view-based features and their spatial relations in a dynamic context and is consistent with evidence from psychophysics suggesting separate representations for featural and configural information in face recognition (Schwaninger, Lobmaier, \& Collishaw, 2002).},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.journalofvision.org/content/3/9/837.abstract},
   event_place = {Sarasota, FL, USA},
   event_name = {Third Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society (VSS 2003)},
   DOI = {10.1167/3.9.837},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and Schuhmacher, S and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { SchwaningerMHB2003,
   title = {The Role of Co-occurence for View-based Object Recognition},
   year = {2003},
   month = {2},
   volume = {6},
   pages = {163},
   abstract = {Objects in the real world do not occur in a random manner. For example tea spoons
tend to be near tea cups and there is usually a remote control nearby a TV. A cognitive
system, which is adapted to the environment, would take such co-occurrences
into account and use top-down driven expectancies for faster recognition. Although
many object recognition theories assume a serial bottom-up processing and disregard
top-down feedback from later stages to earlier ones, neuropsychological and imaging
studies suggest recurrent feedback during object identication (e.g., Humphreys, Riddoch
and Price, 1997, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,
1275-1282). We present further evidence for top-down in
uences in object recognition
using a priming approach. In Experiment 1 participants named objects (e.g.,
TV) in two dierent views (canonical vs. non-canonical), which were preceded by a
contextually consistent (e.g., remote control) or inconsistent (e.g., hammer) priming
stimulus. We found clear eects of prime consistency and target viewpoint as well as
a signicant interaction. Presenting a consistent prime prior to a target reduced the
viewpoint dependency signicantly. These results were replicated in Experiment 2 using
a contextual association task. Participants had to judge whether the second of two
sequentially presented objects tends to co-occur with the rst one. Consistent priming
stimuli reduced the viewpoint-dependency of the reaction times to the target objects.
Both experiments provided converging evidence for the view, that the human cognitive
system uses knowledge of co-occurrence information for faster recognition.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk03/},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {6. T{\"u}binger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK 2003)},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Michel, S and Hofer, F and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { SchuhmacherSWB2003,
   title = {Towards a Deeper Understanding of View-based Face Recognition},
   year = {2003},
   month = {2},
   volume = {6},
   pages = {162},
   abstract = {Humans are experts in processing faces, which are encountered in everyday life in many
dierent poses and views. In the present study we investigated to what extend the processing
of such highly overlearned stimuli is dependent on viewpoint. The experiments
were modeled after the inter-extra-ortho experiments by Bultho \& Edelman, 1992,
PNAS, 60-64, who used novel objects as stimuli (wire- and amoebae-like 3D objects).
In Experiment 1, ten face-stimuli were presented in frontal view and 60 side view.
At test they had to be recognized among ten distracter faces at dierent viewpoints.
We found systematic eects of viewpoint (recognition performance: inter > extra >
ortho), which were consistent with recognition schemes based on local view interpolation.
These eects were replicated in Experiment 2, in which frontal and 45 side views
were learned, although recognition performance was less viewpoint-dependent (inter =
extra > ortho). This result is again consistent with recognition schemes based on local
view interpolation. In Experiment 3, the learning condition entailed frontal views and
45 upward views. The motivation for this experiment comes from the fact that in
everyday life, faces are encountered more often in dierent side views than in views
from above and that faces are only vertically symmetric. Indeed, systematic dierences
of viewpoint-dependent performance were found in Experiment 3 when compared to
Experiment 1 and 2 (inter > ortho > extra). The results are discussed within the
framework of a new computational model based on key-frames, which entails local view
interpolation and has been shown to be well-suited to model human face recognition
performance (Wallraven et al., 2002, LNCS vol. 2525, 651-660).},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk03/},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {6. T{\"u}binger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK 2003)},
   author = {Schuhmacher, S and Schwaninger, A and Wallraven, C and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}

@Poster { 2014,
   title = {Moving the Thatcher Illusion},
   year = {2002},
   month = {11},
   abstract = {Inverting the eyes and the mouth within the facial context produces a bizarre facial expression when the face is presented upright but not when the face is inverted (Thatcher illusion, Thompson, 1980). In the present study we investigated whether this illusion is part-based or holistic and whether motion increases bizarreness. Static upright Thatcher faces were rated more bizarre than the eyes and mouth presented in isolation suggesting an important role of context and holistic processing. As expected, inverted facial stimuli were perceived much less bizarre. Interestingly, isolated parts were more bizarre than the whole thatcherized face when inverted. Adding motion to the smiling thatcherized faces increased bizarreness in all conditions (parts vs. whole, upright vs. inverted). These results were replicated in a separate experiment with talking instead of smiling faces and are discussed within an integrative model of face processing.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.opam.net/opam2002/posters.htm},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   institution = {Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics},
   event_place = {Kansas City, KS, USA},
   event_name = {10th Annual Worksop on Object Perception and Memory (OPAM 2002)},
   language = {en},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Cunningham, DW and Kleiner, M}
}

@Poster { 2077,
   title = {Role and interaction of featural and configural processing in face recognition},
   journal = {Journal of Vision},
   year = {2002},
   month = {11},
   volume = {2},
   number = {7},
   pages = {602},
   abstract = {In order to reliably recognize faces in everyday life it is necessary to detect subtle featural and configural differences. In three experiments we investigated the role and interaction of featural and configural processing in face recognition. In Experiment 1a we showed that previously learnt faces could be recognized when they were scrambled into constituent parts, which were previously determined in a free listing experiment (eyes, nose, mouth, chin, forehead, eye-brows, cheeks). This result clearly indicates a role of featural information at a certain level of face processing. In Experiment 1b we determined the blur level that made the scrambled part versions impossible to recognize. This blur level was then applied to whole faces in order to create configural versions that by definition did not contain local featural information. In Experiment 1c we showed that configural versions of previously learned faces could be recognized reliably. In Experiment 2 we replicated these results for familiar face recognition. All experiments provided converging evidence in favor of the view that recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces relies on both featural and configural information. In Experiment 3 we investigated whether featural and configural processing provide independent routes of recognition or whether they converge to the same recognition units. Repetition priming for celebrity faces was found from scrambled to blurred recognition and vice versa thus favoring the convergent processing hypothesis. All results are explained in terms of an integrative model of recognition of unfamiliar and familiar faces.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.journalofvision.org/content/2/7/602.short},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Sarasota, FL, USA},
   event_name = {Second Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society (VSS 2002)},
   DOI = {10.1167/2.7.602},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Collishaw, SM and Lobmaier, J}
}

@Poster { 2031,
   title = {Overestimation of 15-40 percent of configural information in
faces: The role of geometrical illusions},
   year = {2002},
   month = {2},
   volume = {5},
   pages = {72},
   abstract = {Several previous studies have stressed the importance of configural information in face
recognition. In this study the perception of configural information was investigated.
Using the method of adjustment Experiment 1 revealed that the inter-eye distance is
overestimated by 15 percent and the eye-mouth distance by more than 30 percent. In
Experiment 2 this effect was replicated using a different set of stimuli. In Experiment 3
several possible explanations were tested: Horizontal vertical illusion, Muller-Lyer illusion,
Oppel-Kundt illusion, context effects, Pragnanz effect, and the role of surface information.
Experiment 4 consisted of a replication in which a face and a line drawing was
used in order to test for surface based face specific effects. The results of these four
experiments suggest an important role of well-known perceptual illusions for the explanation
of the large overestimation of configural information in faces.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   web_url = {http://www.twk.tuebingen.mpg.de/twk02/},
   editor = {B{\"u}lthoff, H. H.; Gegenfurtner, K.; Mallot, H. A.; Ulrich, R.},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {T{\"u}bingen, Germany},
   event_name = {5. T{\"u}binger Wahrnehmungskonferenz (TWK 2002)},
   author = {Schwaninger, A and Hofer, F}
}

@Thesis { 2888,
   title = {Perception and representation of faces},
   year = {2003},
   url = {http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.defileadmin/user_upload/files/publications/Diss-Schwaninger.pdf},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   institution = {Universit{\"a}t Z{\"u}rich, Philosophische Fakult{\"a}t},
   type = {PhD},
   author = {Schwaninger, A}
}

@Conference { 2984,
   title = {Computational modeling of face recognition},
   year = {2003},
   month = {11},
   volume = {44},
   pages = {26},
   abstract = {Recent psychophysical results on face recognition
(Schwaninger et al., 2002) support the notion that processing of faces relies on two separate routes. The first route processes highdetail components of the face (such as eyes, mouth, etc.), whereas the second route processes the configural relationship between these
components. This model was successfully used to explain several aspects of face recognition, such as the Thatcher Illusion or the stimuli composed by Young et al. (1987). We discuss a computational framework, in which we implemented configural and component processing using image fragments and their spatial layout. Using the stimuli from the original psychophysical study, we were able to model the
recognition performance. In addition, large-scale tests with highly realistic computer-rendered faces from the MPI database show better performance and robustness than do other computational approaches using one processing route only.},
   department = {Department B{\"u}lthoff},
   talk_type = {Abstract Talk},
   web_url = {http://www.psychonomic.org/past-meeting.html},
   institute = {Biologische Kybernetik},
   organization = {Max-Planck-Gesellschaft},
   event_place = {Vancouver, Canada},
   event_name = {44th Annual Meeting of The Psychonomic Society},
   author = {Wallraven, C and Schwaninger, A and B{\"u}lthoff, HH}
}